Editing Yellow (section)

==History, art, and fashion ==
=== Prehistory ===
Yellow, in the form of [[yellow ochre]] pigment made from clay, was one of the first colors used in prehistoric cave art. The cave of [[Lascaux]] has an image of a horse colored with yellow estimated to be 17,300 years old.

=== Ancient history ===
In Ancient [[Egypt]], yellow was associated with gold, which was considered to be imperishable, eternal and indestructible. The skin and bones of the gods were believed to be made of gold. The Egyptians used yellow extensively in tomb paintings; they usually used either yellow ochre or the brilliant [[orpiment]], though it was made of [[arsenic]] and was highly toxic. A small paintbox with orpiment pigment was found in the tomb of King [[Tutankhamun]]. Men were always shown with brown faces, women with yellow ochre or gold faces.<ref name="webexhibits.org"/>

The ancient Romans used yellow in their paintings to represent gold and also in skin tones. It is found frequently in the murals of [[Pompeii]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
File:Lascaux2.jpg|Image of a horse colored with [[yellow ochre]] from [[Lascaux]] cave.
File:Tomb of Nakht.jpg|Paintings in the Tomb of Nakht in [[ancient Egypt]] (15th century BC).
File:Harfenspielerin Römisches Fresko.jpg|Yellow ochre was often used in wall paintings in Ancient Roman villas and towns.
File:Mosaic of Justinianus I - Basilica San Vitale (Ravenna).jpg|[[Byzantine art]] made lavish use of gold, seen in this detail of the [[mosaic]] of the Emperor [[Justinian]] from the [[Basilica of San Vitale]] in [[Ravenna]], Italy (before 547 AD).
File:Flag of Palaeologus Dynasty.svg|The flag of the [[Paleologus dynasty]] of Byzantine emperors was red and gold. 
</gallery>

=== Post-classical history ===
During the Post-Classical period, yellow became firmly established as the color of [[Judas Iscariot]], the disciple who betrayed [[Jesus Christ]], even though the Bible never describes his clothing. From this connection, yellow also took on associations with [[envy]], [[jealousy]] and duplicity.

The tradition started in the Renaissance of marking non-Christian outsiders, such as Jews, with the color yellow. In [[History of Spain|16th-century Spain]], those accused of [[heresy]] and who refused to renounce their views were compelled to come before the [[Spanish Inquisition]] dressed in a yellow cape.<ref>Eva Heller (2000). ''Psychologie de la couleur -effets et symboliques'', p. 82.</ref>

The color yellow has been historically associated with moneylenders and finance. The [[National Pawnbrokers Association]]'s logo depicts three golden spheres hanging from a bar, referencing the three bags of gold that the patron saint of pawnbroking, [[Nicholas of Myra|St. Nicholas]], holds in his hands. Additionally, the symbol of three golden orbs is found in the coat of arms of the [[House of Medici]], a famous fifteenth-century Italian dynasty of bankers and lenders.<ref name="Yellowtown" />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Thomas Becket Murder.JPG|alt=Saffron was sometimes used as a pigment in Medieval manuscripts, such as this page showing the murder of Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. (Circa 1200).|[[Saffron]] was sometimes used as a pigment in Medieval manuscripts, such as this page showing the murder of [[Thomas Becket]] at [[Canterbury Cathedral]], {{Circa}} 1200
File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -31- - Kiss of Judas.jpg|The ''Kiss of Judas'' (1304–06) by [[Giotto di Bondone]], followed the Medieval tradition of clothing [[Judas Iscariot]] in a yellow toga.
File:Robert Dudley.jpg|[[Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester]] (1560–1565)
File:Young Man in a Yellow Robe c1630-1631 Jan Lievens.jpg|alt=Young Man in a Yellow Robe Jan Lievens, c. 1630–1631|''Young Man in a Yellow Robe'' [[Jan Lievens]], {{Circa}} 1630–1631
File:Johannes Vermeer - Het melkmeisje - Google Art Project.jpg|alt=The Milkmaid by Johannes Vermeer (c. 1658)|[[The Milkmaid (Vermeer)|''The Milkmaid'']] by [[Johannes Vermeer]], {{Circa}}1658
</gallery>

=== Modern history ===
==== 18th and 19th centuries ====
The 18th and 19th century saw the discovery and manufacture of synthetic pigments and dyes, which quickly replaced the traditional yellows made from arsenic, cow urine, and other substances.

{{Circa|1776}}, [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]] painted ''[[A Young Girl Reading]]''. She is dressed in a bright saffron yellow dress. This painting is "considered by many critics to be among Fragonard's most appealing and masterly".<ref>{{cite book |last=Walker  |first=John  |year=1975 |title=National Gallery of Art, Washington |location=New York |publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Inc. |isbn=978-0-8109-0336-4}}</ref>

The 19th-century British painter [[J. M. W. Turner]] was one of the first in that century to use yellow to create moods and emotions, the way romantic composers were using music. His painting ''Rain, Steam, and Speed – the Great Central Railway'' was dominated by glowing yellow clouds.

[[Georges Seurat]] used the new synthetic colors in his experimental paintings composed of tiny points of primary colors, particularly in his famous ''Sunday Afternoon on the Isle de la Grand jatte'' (1884–86). He did not know that the new synthetic yellow pigment, zinc yellow or [[zinc chromate]], which he used in the light green lawns, was highly unstable and would quickly turn brown.<ref>John Gage, (1993), ''Colour and Culture – Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction'', p. 220.</ref>

The painter [[Vincent van Gogh]] was a particular admirer of the color yellow, the color of sunshine. Writing to his sister from the south of France in 1888, he wrote, "Now we are having beautiful warm, windless weather that is very beneficial to me. The sun, a light that for lack of a better word I can only call yellow, bright sulfur yellow, pale lemon gold. How beautiful yellow is!" In Arles, Van Gogh painted sunflowers inside a small house he rented at 2 Place Lamartine, a house painted with a color that Van Gogh described as "buttery yellow". Van Gogh was one of the first artists to use commercially manufactured paints, rather than paints he made himself. He used the traditional yellow ochre, but also [[chrome yellow]], first made in 1809; and [[cadmium yellow]], first made in 1820.<ref>Stefano Zuffi (2012), ''Color in Art'', pp. 96–97.</ref>

In 1895 a new popular art form began to appear in New York newspapers; the color [[comic strip]]. It took advantage of a new [[color printing]] process, which used [[color separation]] and three different colors of ink; magenta, cyan, and yellow, plus black, to create all the colors on the page. One of the first characters in the new comic strips was a humorous boy of the New York streets named Mickey Dugen, more commonly known as the [[Yellow Kid]], from the yellow nightshirt he wore. He gave his name (and color) to the whole genre of popular, sensational journalism, which became known as "[[yellow journalism]]".
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Fragonard, The Reader.jpg|''[[A Young Girl Reading]]'', or ''The Reader''. [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]], c. 1776, 32" × 25 1/2" National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
File:Turner - Rain, Steam and Speed - National Gallery file.jpg|''[[Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway]]''. (1844). British painter [[J. M. W. Turner]] used yellow clouds to create a mood, the way romantic composers of the time used music.
File:A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, Georges Seurat, 1884.png|[[Georges Seurat]] used a new pigment, zinc yellow, in the green lawns of ''[[A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte]]'' (1884–86). He did not know that the paint would quickly deteriorate and turn brown.
File:Vincent Van Gogh 0010.jpg|''[[Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)|Sunflowers]]'' (1888) by [[Vincent van Gogh]] is a fountain of yellows.
File:YellowKid.jpeg|[[The Yellow Kid]] (1895) was one of the first [[comic strip]] characters. He gave his name to type of sensational reporting called [[Yellow Journalism]].
File:Domenico Failutti - Retrato de Dona Leopoldina de Habsburgo e Seus Filhos, Acervo do Museu Paulista da USP.jpg|Empress [[Maria Leopoldina of Austria|Maria Leopoldina of Brazil]] with her children.
File:Michael Ancher - Ung Pige - 1904.png|''Young woman'' (Marie, from [[Skagen]], Denmark) by [[Michael Peter Ancher|Michael Ancher]]
</gallery>

==== 20th and 21st centuries ====
In the 20th century, yellow was revived as a symbol of exclusion, as it had been in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Jews in [[Nazi Germany]] and German-occupied countries were required to sew yellow triangles with the star of David onto their clothing.

In the 20th century, modernist painters reduced painting to its simplest colors and geometric shapes. The Dutch modernist painter [[Piet Mondrian]] made a series of paintings which consisted of a pure white canvas with a grid of vertical and horizontal black lines and rectangles of yellow, red, and blue.

Yellow was particularly valued in the 20th century because of its high visibility. Because of its ability to be seen well from greater distances and at high speeds, yellow makes for the ideal color to be viewed from moving automobiles.<ref name="Yellowtown" /> It often replaced red as the color of fire trucks and other emergency vehicles, and was popular in neon signs, especially in [[Las Vegas]] and in China, where yellow was the most esteemed color.

In the 1960s, Pickett Brand developed the "Eye Saver Yellow" [[slide rule]], which was produced with a specific yellow color (Angstrom 5600) that reflects long-wavelength rays and promotes optimum eye-ease to help prevent eyestrain and improve visual accuracy.<ref name="Yellowtown" />

The 21st century saw the use of unusual materials and technologies to create new ways of experiencing the color yellow. One example was ''The weather project'', by Danish-Icelandic artist [[Olafur Eliasson]], which was installed in the open space of the Turbine Hall of London's [[Tate Modern]] in 2003.

Eliasson used [[humidifiers]] to create a fine mist in the air via a mixture of sugar and water, as well as a semi-circular disc made up of hundreds of [[monochromatic]] lamps which radiated yellow light. The ceiling of the hall was covered with a huge [[mirror]], in which visitors could see themselves as tiny black shadows against a mass of light.<ref name="newyorker.com">Cynthia Zarin (13 November 2006), [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/11/13/061113fa_fact_zarin#ixzz1FQvk1dMc Seeing Things. The art of Olafur Eliasson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107014659/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/11/13/061113fa_fact_zarin#ixzz1FQvk1dMc |date=7 January 2014 }} ''New Yorker''.</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Yellow Room, Frieseke.jpg|Yellow Room, [[Frederick Carl Frieseke]], 1910
File:Yellowstar.jpg|Jews in [[Nazi-occupied Europe]] were required to wear [[yellow badge]]s such as this.
File:Horse&rider.jpg|Yellow was valued for its high visibility. [[Las Vegas]] became a showcase of [[neon art]] and advertising.
File:Palácio do Planalto Campanha Internacional Maio Amarelo.jpg|The [[Palácio do Planalto]], official workplace of the [[President of Brazil]], illuminated in yellow light.
</gallery>

===Fruits, vegetables, and eggs===
Many fruits are yellow when ripe, such as lemons and bananas, their color derived from [[carotenoid]] pigments. [[Egg yolk]]s gain their color from [[xanthophyll]]s, also a type of carotenoid pigment.

==== Flowers ====
Yellow is a common color of flowers.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Mimosa Colombe d'Or Saint Paul de Vence.JPG|''[[Acacia dealbata]]'' (silver wattle)
File:Cassia bicapsularis (1).jpg|''[[Senna bicapsularis]]'' (rambling senna)
File:Narcissus pseudonarcissus flower 300303.jpg|[[Narcissus pseudonarcissus]], or [[Daffodil]]
File:金英花 Galphimia glauca - panoramio (1).jpg|''[[Galphimia glauca]]'' <br />(rain of gold)
File:Anthyllis vulneraria, AlpenWundklee 1.JPG|''[[Anthyllis vulneraria]]'' (common kidneyvetch)
File:Yellow Marigold Tennessee.jpg|''[[Tagetes erecta]]'' (Mexican marigold)
File:Senecio angulatus.jpg|''[[Senecio angulatus]]'' (creeping groundsel)
File:Brugmansia aurea 12.jpg|''[[Brugmansia aurea]]'' (angel's trumpet)
</gallery>

==== Other plants ====
* [[Rapeseed]] (Brassica napus), also known as rape or oilseed rape, is a bright yellow flowering member of the family ''Brassicaceae'' (mustard or cabbage family).
* [[Goldenrod]] is a yellow flowering plant in the family ''[[Asteraceae]]''.

=== Minerals and chemistry ===
[[File:Titan yellow.svg|thumb|left|200px|Structure of Titan yellow]]
* [[Yellowcake]] (also known as urania and uranic oxide) is concentrated [[uranium oxide]], obtained through the milling of uranium ore. Yellowcake is used in the preparation of fuel for [[nuclear reactor]]s and in [[uranium enrichment]], one of the essential steps for creating [[nuclear weapon]]s.
* [[Titan yellow]] (also known as clayton yellow),<ref name="nile">{{cite web |url=http://www.nilechemicals.com/TitanYellow.htm |title=Titan Yellow |date=26 July 2008 |publisher=Nile Chemicals |access-date=28 March 2009 |archive-date=25 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125174413/http://www.nilechemicals.com/TitanYellow.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> chemical formula {{chem|C|28|H|19|Na|2|O|6|S|4}} has been used to determine [[magnesium]] in [[Serous fluid|serum]] and [[urine]], but the method is prone to interference, making the [[ammonium phosphate]] method superior when analysing blood cells, food or fecal material.<ref name="heaton1960">{{cite journal | last = Heaton | first = F.W. |title=Determination of magnesium by the Titan yellow and ammonium phosphate methods |journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=358–60 |date=July 1960 |pmid=14400446 |pmc=480095 |doi=10.1136/jcp.13.4.358}}</ref>
* [[Methyl yellow]] (''p''-dimethylaminoazobenzene) is a [[pH indicator]] used to determine acidity. It changes from yellow at pH&nbsp;4.0 to red at pH&nbsp;2.9.<ref name="iarc">{{cite journal |year=1975 |title=para-Dimethylaminobenzene |journal=IARC – Summaries & Evaluations |volume=8 |page=125 |url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol08/p-dimethylaminobenzene.html |access-date=8 April 2009 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222711/http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol08/p-dimethylaminobenzene.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="gmpct">{{cite web|url=http://www.gmpct.com/products/stains_indicators_indicator_paper.php |title=Ph paper, Litmus paper, ph indicator, laboratory stain |year=2003 |publisher=GMP ChemTech Private Limited |access-date=8 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112082803/http://www.gmpct.com/products/stains_indicators_indicator_paper.php |archive-date=12 November 2008 }}</ref>
* Yellow [[fireworks]] are produced by adding [[sodium]] compounds to the firework mixture. Sodium has a strong emission at 589.3&nbsp;nm ([[D2 line|D-line]]), a very slightly orange-tinted yellow.
* Amongst the [[Chemical element|elements]], [[sulfur]] and gold are most obviously yellow. [[Phosphorus]], [[arsenic]] and [[antimony]] have [[allotrope]]s which are yellow or whitish-yellow; [[fluorine]] and [[chlorine]] are pale yellowish gases.
* Many crystalline chemical compounds, such as [[2,4-Dinitrophenol]], are yellowish in color.

==== Pigments ====
[[File:Ochre quarry, Roussillon, France (465185258).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Yellow ochre quarry in Roussillon, France]]
* [[Yellow ochre]] (also known as Mars yellow, Pigment yellow 42, 43),<ref name="hsarts">{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/paint1.html |title=Health & Safety in the Arts |publisher=City of Tucson |access-date=28 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510235604/http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/paint1.html |archive-date=10 May 2009 }}</ref> hydrated ferric oxide ({{chem|Fe|2|O|3|·H|2|O}}), is a naturally occurring [[pigment]] found in clays in many parts of the world. It is non-toxic and has been used in painting since prehistoric times.<ref name="webex-ochre">{{cite web |url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/yellowochre.html |title=Pigments through the ages: Yellow ochre |publisher=WebExhibits |access-date=28 March 2009 |archive-date=14 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014081816/http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/yellowochre.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Indian yellow]] is a transparent, fluorescent pigment used in oil paintings and watercolors. Originally magnesium euxanthate, it was claimed to have been produced from the urine of Indian cows fed only on mango leaves.<ref name="harley">{{cite book |last=Harley |first=Rosamond Drusilla |title=Artists' Pigments c1600-1835 |edition=2 |year=2001 |page=117 |publisher=Archetype Publications |location=London |isbn=978-1-873132-91-3 |oclc=47823825 |url=http://painting.about.com/od/productreviews/gr/RDHarley_pigmt.htm |access-date=30 March 2009 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919084949/http://painting.about.com/od/productreviews/gr/RDHarley_pigmt.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has now been replaced by synthetic Indian yellow hue.
* [[Naples Yellow]] (lead antimonate yellow) is one of the oldest synthetic pigments, derived from the mineral [[bindheimite]] and used extensively up to the 20th century.<ref name="webex-naples">{{cite web |url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/naplesyellow.html |title=Pigments through the ages: Naples yellow |publisher=WebExhibits |access-date=30 March 2009 |archive-date=17 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017135003/http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/naplesyellow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is toxic and nowadays is replaced in paint by a mixture of modern pigments.
* [[Cadmium pigments|Cadmium Yellow]] ([[cadmium sulfide]], CdS) has been used in artists' paints since the mid-19th century.<ref name="webex-cds">{{cite web |url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cdyellow.html |title=Pigments through the ages: Cadmium yellow |publisher=WebExhibits |access-date=5 April 2009 |archive-date=20 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820023914/http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cdyellow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of its toxicity, it may nowadays be replaced by [[azo pigments]].
* [[Chrome yellow]] (lead chromate, {{chem|PbCrO|4}}), derived from the mineral [[crocoite]], was used by artists in the earlier part of the 19th century, but has been largely replaced by other yellow pigments because of the toxicity of lead.<ref name="webex-cr">{{cite web |url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cryellow.html |title=Pigments through the ages: Chrome yellow |publisher=WebExhibits |access-date=5 April 2009 |archive-date=11 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011020614/http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cryellow.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Zinc yellow or [[zinc chromate]] is a synthetic pigment made in the 19th century, and used by the painter [[Georges Seurat]] in his [[pointillist]] paintings. He did not know that it was highly unstable, and would quickly turn brown.
* [[Titanium yellow]] (nickel antimony titanium yellow rutile, {{chem|NiO·Sb|2|O|5|·20TiO|2}}) is created by adding small amounts of the oxides of nickel and antimony to titanium dioxide and heating. It is used to produce yellow paints with good white coverage and has the [[LBNL]] paint code "Y10".<ref name="lbnl2005">{{cite web |url=http://coolcolors.lbl.gov/LBNL-Pigment-Database/paints/Y10.html |title=LBNL Pigment Database: (Y10) Nickel Antimony Titanium Yellow Rutile (iii) |date=14 February 2005 |publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Lab |access-date=5 April 2009 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928050835/http://coolcolors.lbl.gov/LBNL-Pigment-Database/paints/Y10.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Gamboge]] is an orange-brown [[resin]], derived from trees of the genus [[Garcinia]], which becomes yellow when powdered.<ref name="BOEgamboge">{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/224855/gamboge |title=gamboge (gum resin) |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |access-date=7 April 2009 |archive-date=2 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102115523/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/224855/gamboge |url-status=live }}</ref> It was used as a watercolor pigment in the far east from the 8th century – the name "gamboge" is derived from "[[Cambodia]]" – and has been used in Europe since the 17th century.<ref name="SEWgamboge">{{cite web |url=http://www.sewanee.edu/chem/Chem&Art/Detail_Pages/Pigments/Gamboge |title=Gamboge |date=16 July 2002 |publisher=Sewanee: The University of the South |access-date=7 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410075328/http://www.sewanee.edu/chem/chem%26art/Detail_Pages/Pigments/Gamboge |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref>
* [[Orpiment]], also called King's Yellow or Chinese Yellow is [[arsenic trisulfide]] ({{chem|As|2|S|3}}) and was used as a paint pigment until the 19th century when, because of its high toxicity and reaction with lead-based pigments, it was generally replaced by Cadmium Yellow.<ref name="Field-orp">{{cite book |last=Field |first=George |title=Field's Chromatography or Treatise on Colours and Pigments as Used by Artists |editor=Salter, Thomas |publisher=Winsor and Newton |location=London |year=1869 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20915 |access-date=9 April 2009 |archive-date=25 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325053415/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20915 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Azo dye]]-based pigment (a brightly colored transparent or semitransparent dye with a white pigment) is used as the colorant in most modern paints requiring either a highly saturated yellow or simplicity of color mixing. The most common is the monoazo [[arylide yellow]] family, first marketed as [[Hansa Yellow]].

==== Dyes ====
* [[Curcuma longa]], also known as [[turmeric]], is a plant grown in India and Southeast Asia which serves as a dye for clothing, especially monks' robes; as a spice for curry and other dishes; and as a popular medicine. It is also used as a food coloring for mustard and other products.<ref>Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pp. 80–81.</ref>
* [[Saffron]], like turmeric, is one of the rare dyes that is also a spice and food colorant. It is made from the dried red [[stigma (botany)|stigma]] of the [[crocus sativus]] flower. It must be picked by hand and it takes 150 flowers to obtain a single gram of stigma, so it is extremely expensive. It probably originated in the Mediterranean or Southwest Asia, and its use was detailed in a 7th-century BC Assyrian botanical reference compiled under [[Ashurbanipal]].{{Sfn|Russo|Dreher|Mathre|2003|p=6}} It was known in India at the time of the [[Buddha]], and after his death his followers decreed that monks should wear robes the color of saffron. Saffron was used to dye the robes of the senior Buddhist monks, while ordinary monks wore robes dyed with [[Gamboge]] or [[Curcuma longa]], also known as Turmeric.

The color of saffron comes from [[crocin]], a red variety of [[carotenoid]] natural pigment. The color of the dyed fabric varies from deep red to [[Orange (colour)|orange]] to yellow, depending upon the type of saffron and the process. Most saffron today comes from Iran, but it is also grown commercially in Spain, Italy and Kashmir in India, and as a boutique crop in New Zealand, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland and other countries. In the United States, it has been cultivated by the [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] community since the early 18th century. Because of the high price of saffron, other similar dyes and spices are often sold under the name saffron; for instance, what is called ''Indian saffron'' is often really turmeric.
* [[Reseda luteola]], also known as dyers weed, yellow weed or weld, has been used as a yellow dye from neolithic times. It grew wild along the roads and walls of Europe, and was introduced into North America, where it grows as a weed. It was used as both as a yellow dye, whose color was deep and lasting, and to dye fabric green, first by dyeing it blue with indigo, then dyeing it with reseda luteola to turn it a rich, solid and lasting green. It was the most common yellow dye in Europe from the Middle Ages until the 18th century, when it was replaced first by the bark of the quercitron tree from North America, then by synthetic dyes. It was also widely used in North Africa and in the Ottoman Empire.<ref>Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pp. 78–79.</ref>
* [[Gamboge]] is a deep saffron to mustard yellow pigment and dye.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd Ed. (1989)</ref> In Asia, it is frequently used to dye [[Kasaya (clothing)|Buddhist monks' robes]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10IMFSavIMsC&pg=PA1352|title=Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals)|last=Hanelt|first=Peter|date=11 May 2001|publisher=Springer|access-date=8 August 2011|isbn=9783540410171|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320151604/https://books.google.com/books?id=10IMFSavIMsC&pg=PA1352|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lewington|first=Anna|title=Plants for people|year=1990|publisher=Natural History Museum Publications|location=London|isbn=978-0-565-01094-2|page=206|chapter=Recreation-Plants that entertain us}}</ref> Gamboge is most often extracted by tapping [[resin]] from various species of evergreen trees of the family ''[[Guttiferae]]'', which grow in Cambodia, Thailand, and elsewhere in Southeast Asia.<ref name=compendium>{{cite book | title = The Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments | first1 = Nicholas | last1 = Eastaugh | first2 = Valentine | last2 = Walsh | first3 = Tracey | last3 = Chaplin | first4 = Ruth | last4 = Siddall | publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-7506-5749-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TKFiYsc_xOAC&q=%22Garcinia+hanburyi%22+gambogia&pg=PA164 | access-date = 23 November 2020 | archive-date = 20 March 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230320151604/https://books.google.com/books?id=TKFiYsc_xOAC&q=%22Garcinia+hanburyi%22+gambogia&pg=PA164 | url-status = live }}</ref> "Kambuj" ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: कंबुज) is the ancient [[Sanskrit]] name for [[Cambodia]].
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
File:Orpiment mineral.jpg|[[Orpiment]] was a source of yellow pigment from ancient Egypt through the 19th century, though it is highly toxic.
File:Indisch-Gelb.jpg|[[Indian yellow]] pigment
File:Lead chromate.JPG|[[Chrome yellow]] was discovered in 1809.
File:Saffran crocus sativus moist.jpg|The dye and spice [[saffron]] comes from the dried red [[stigma (botany)|stigma]] of this plant, the [[crocus sativus]].
File:Curcuma longa roots.jpg|[[Curcuma longa]], also known as [[Turmeric]], has been used for centuries in India as a dye, particularly for monk's robes. it is also commonly used as a medicine and as a spice in Indian cooking.
File:Reseda luteola (Flowers).jpg|[[Reseda luteola]], also known as dyers weed, yellow weed or weld, was the most popular source of yellow dye in Europe from the Middle Ages through the 18th century.
File:Garcinia subelliptica (200703).jpg|The [[Garcinia]] tree of Southeast Asia, whose resin is used to make the yellow dye called [[gamboge]].
</gallery>

==== Food coloring ====
The most common yellow [[food coloring]] in use today is called [[Tartrazine]]. It is a synthetic lemon yellow [[azo dye]].<ref name=fanl>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm |author=Food Standards Australia New Zealand |author-link=Food Standards Australia New Zealand |title=Food Additives- Numerical List |access-date=2 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625024756/http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm |archive-date=25 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>"[http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124435/http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist |date=7 October 2010 }}", Food Standards Agency website. Retrieved 15 December 2011.</ref> It is also known as [[E number]] E102, [[Colour Index International|C.I.]] 19140, [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act|FD&C]] yellow 5, acid yellow 23, food yellow 4, and trisodium 1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-5-pyrazolone-3-carboxylate.<ref>{{cite web|title=Acid Yellow 23|url=http://www.chemblink.com/products/1934-21-0.htm|publisher=ChemBlink, an online database of chemicals from around the world|access-date=25 November 2012|archive-date=22 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222070102/http://www.chemblink.com/products/1934-21-0.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the yellow most frequently used such processed food products as corn and potato chips, breakfast cereals such as corn flakes, candies, popcorn, mustard, jams and jellies, gelatin, soft drinks (notably [[Mountain Dew]]), energy and sports drinks, and pastries. It is also widely used in liquid and bar soap, shampoo, cosmetics and medicines. Sometimes it is mixed with blue dyes to color processed products green.

It is typically labelled on food packages as "color", "tartrazine", or "E102". In the United States, because of concerns about possible health problems related to intolerance to tartrazine, its presence must be declared on food and drug product labels.<ref>[[Code of Federal Regulations|CFR]] 74.1705, 21 [[Code of Federal Regulations|CFR]] 201.20</ref>

Another popular synthetic yellow coloring is [[Sunset Yellow FCF]] (also known as ''orange yellow S'', ''FD&C yellow 6'' and ''C.I. 15985'') It is manufactured from [[aromatic hydrocarbon]]s from petroleum. When added to foods sold in Europe, it is denoted by E number E110.<ref name="isbn1-85573-722-1">{{cite book | last = Wood | first = Roger M. |title=Analytical methods for food additives |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-85573-722-8}}</ref>