Editing Willamette River (section)

==Bridges==
[[File:HawthorneBridge-Pano.jpg|thumb|right|alt=The Hawthorne Bridge|The [[Hawthorne Bridge]] is the oldest remaining highway structure over the Willamette.]]
The 50 or so [[List of crossings of the Willamette River|crossings]] of the Willamette River include many historic structures, such as the [[Van Buren Street Bridge]], a [[swing bridge]]. Built in 1913, it carries [[Oregon Route 34]] (Corvallis–Lebanon Highway) over the river upstream of RM&nbsp;131 (RK&nbsp;211) in Corvallis. The machinery to operate the swing span was removed in the 1950s.<ref>Smith, ''et al.'', p. 287</ref><ref name="topoquest Corvallis">{{cite web |author=U.S. Geological Survey |title=United States Geological Survey Topographic Map: Corvallis, Oregon, Quadrangle |publisher=TopoQuest |url=http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=44.56617&lon=-123.25734&datum=nad83&zoom=2&map=auto&coord=d&mode=zoomin&size=m |access-date=May 31, 2010 |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013055343/http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=44.56617&lon=-123.25734&datum=nad83&zoom=2&map=auto&coord=d&mode=zoomin&size=m |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Oregon City Bridge]], built in 1922, replaced a [[Suspension bridge|suspension span]] constructed at the site in 1888. It carries [[Oregon Route 43]] over the river at about RM&nbsp;26 (RK&nbsp;42) between Oregon City and [[West Linn, Oregon|West Linn]].<ref>Smith, ''et al.'', p. 96</ref><ref name="topoquest Oregon City">{{cite web |author=U.S. Geological Survey |title=United States Geological Survey Topographic Map: Oregon City, Oregon, Quadrangle |publisher=TopoQuest |url=http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=45.357222&lon=-122.607222&datum=nad83&zoom=4 |access-date=June 1, 2010 |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013055400/http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=45.357222&lon=-122.607222&datum=nad83&zoom=4 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Ross Island Bridge]] carries [[U.S. Route 26 in Oregon|U.S. Route&nbsp;26]] ([[Mount Hood Highway]]) over the river at RM&nbsp;14 (RK&nbsp;23). It is one of 10 highway bridges crossing the river in Portland. The {{convert|3700|ft|m|adj=on}} bridge is the only [[Cantilever bridge|cantilevered deck truss]] in Oregon.<ref>Smith, ''et al.'', p. 78</ref><ref name="topoquest Ross Island">{{cite web |author=U.S. Geological Survey |title=United States Geological Survey Topographic Map: Portland, Oregon, Quadrangle |publisher=TopoQuest |url=http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=45.50121&lon=-122.66454&datum=nad83&zoom=4 |access-date=June 1, 2010 |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013055412/http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=45.50121&lon=-122.66454&datum=nad83&zoom=4 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:SteelBridgePano1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=The Steel Bridge|The lower deck of the Steel Bridge can be raised independently of the upper deck.]]
[[Tilikum Crossing]] is a {{convert|1720|ft|m|adj=on}} [[cable-stayed bridge]] that carries public transit, bicycles, and pedestrians, but no cars or trucks, over the river.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lum |first=Brian |title=Tilikum Crossing: Set Apart by Design |url=http://howweroll.trimet.org/2015/08/21/tilikum-crossing-set-apart-by-design/ |date=August 15, 2015 |publisher=TriMet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160112/http://howweroll.trimet.org/2015/08/21/tilikum-crossing-set-apart-by-design/ |archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref> It opened for general use on September 12, 2015, becoming the first new bridge built across the river in the [[Portland metropolitan area]] since 1973.<ref name=factsheet-aug13>{{cite web |title=Portland–Milwaukie Light Rail Bridge Fact Sheet/August 2013 |date=August 2013 |publisher=[[TriMet]] |url=http://trimet.org/pdfs/pm/Fact-sheets-timelines/PMLR_Bridge_Fact_Sheet_Aug2013.pdf |access-date=April 19, 2014 |archive-date=February 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203020137/http://trimet.org/pdfs/pm/Fact-sheets-timelines/PMLR_Bridge_Fact_Sheet_Aug2013.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=rose2>{{cite news |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2011/06/construction_begins_thursday_o.html |title=Construction Begins on New Light-rail Bridge in Portland That Will Go Up 'Piece by Piece' |last=Rose |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Rose (journalist) |work=OregonLive |date=June 30, 2011 |access-date=June 30, 2011}}</ref>

Farther downstream is the oldest remaining highway structure over the Willamette, the [[Hawthorne Bridge]], built in 1910.<ref>Smith, ''et al.'', p. 115</ref> It is the oldest vertical-lift bridge in operation in the United States<ref name = "Wortman">{{cite book |last=Wood Wortman |first=Sharon |author2=Wortman, Ed |title=The Portland Bridge Book |edition=3rd |publisher=Urban Adventure Press |year=2006 |pages=61–68 |isbn=0-9787365-1-6}}</ref> and the oldest highway bridge in Portland. It is also the busiest bicycle and [[Transportation in Portland, Oregon|transit]] bridge in Oregon, with over 8,000 cyclists<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article/386265 |publisher=Portland Bureau of Transportation |title=2011 Bicycle Counts Report |page=4 |access-date=April 24, 2013}}</ref> and 800 [[TriMet]] buses (carrying about 17,400 riders) daily.<ref name = "Wortman"/>

[[File:St. Johns Bridge, Portland, OR - March 2012.JPG|thumb|right|120px|alt=The St. Johns Bridge|The St. Johns Bridge in northwest Portland]]
Another historic structure, the [[Steel Bridge]], farther downstream, was "the largest telescoping bridge in the world at the time of its opening" in 1912.<ref name="Smith 208">Smith, ''et al.'', p. 208</ref> It carries trains on its lower deck, [[MAX Light Rail|MAX]] (Metropolitan Area Express) [[light-rail]] trains and motorized vehicles on its upper deck, and foot and bicycle traffic on a cantilevered walkway attached to the lower deck.<ref>Wortman and Norman, pp. 39–44</ref> When small ships must pass under the bridge, its double vertical-lift span can raise a lower railway deck without disturbing traffic on the upper deck. Operators can raise both decks as high as {{convert|163|ft|m}} above the water. The Steel Bridge is "believed to be the world's only double-lift span that can raise its lower deck independently of the upper deck."<ref name ="Smith 208"/>

The [[Broadway Bridge (Portland, Oregon)|Broadway Bridge]], slightly downstream of the Steel Bridge, was the world's longest double-leaf [[Bascule bridge|bascule]] drawbridge at the time of its construction in 1913.<ref name = "Smith 116">Smith, ''et al.'', p. 116</ref> Farther downstream, the [[St. Johns Bridge]], a steel suspension bridge built in 1931, replaced the last of the Willamette River [[ferry|ferries]] in Portland.<ref name = "Smith 113">Smith, ''et al.'', p. 113</ref> At about RM&nbsp;6 (RK&nbsp;10), it carries the [[Special routes of U.S. Route 30#Portland bypass|U.S. Route 30 Bypass]].<ref name = "Topoquest St. Johns">{{cite web |author=U.S. Geological Survey |title=United States Geological Survey Topographic Map:Linnton, Oregon, Quadrangle |publisher=TopoQuest |url=http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=45.58508&lon=-122.76477&datum=nad83&zoom=4 |access-date=June 5, 2010 |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013055422/http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=45.58508&lon=-122.76477&datum=nad83&zoom=4 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The bridge has two [[Gothic architecture|Gothic towers]] supporting the span.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Center for Columbia River History |title=St. Johns Bridge Dedication |url=http://www.ccrh.org/comm/slough/primary/stjbridge.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509122844/http://www.ccrh.org/comm/slough/primary/stjbridge.htm |archive-date=May 9, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The adjacent park and neighborhood of [[Cathedral Park, Portland, Oregon|Cathedral Park]] are named after the [[Gothic Cathedral]]-like appearance of the bridge towers. It is the tallest bridge in Portland, with {{convert|400|ft|m|adj=on}} tall towers and a {{convert|205|ft|m|adj=on}} navigational clearance.<ref name = "Smith 113"/>
{{Panorama 
|image=File:WillametteRvrPano.jpg
|fullwidth=7073 
|fullheight=1100 
|height=180 
|caption=The Willamette as it passes through Portland. The bridges seen, from left to right, are the Fremont, Steel, Burnside, Morrision, Hawthorne, Marquam, Ross Island and Sellwood.  The Tilikum Crossing bridge was not built at the time of this 2007 photo.
|alt=The bridges, from right to left, are the Sellwood, Ross Island, Marquam, Hawthorne, Morrision, Burnside, Steel (the black bridge that is partially obscured), Fremont (the arch bridge at far left). The mountains, from right to left, are Mount Hood, Mount Adams (only the tip is visible) and Mount Saint Helens.
}}