Editing Warsaw (section)

==Cityscape==
===Urbanism and architecture===
{{Main|Architecture of Warsaw}}
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| footer = Warsaw is an eclectic city, combining divergent architectural styles and designs. Clockwise: [[Warsaw Barbican|Barbican]] outpost (16th century), Kanonia Street (17th century), [[Visitationist Church]] (18th century), Krongold [[Tenement]] (19th century), and the [[Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Poland)|Ministry of Agriculture]] with skyscrapers (20th century, 21st century). 
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Warsaw's long and eclectic history left a noticeable mark on its architecture and urban form. Unlike most Polish cities, Warsaw's cityscape is dominated by [[contemporary architecture]], with [[Functionalist architecture|functionalist]] and modern edifices. Nonetheless, built heritage is still present in the [[Warsaw Old Town|Old Town]] and the [[Śródmieście Południowe|southern part of the central district]]. Warsaw is among the European cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in Europe and is home to [[Varso|European Union's tallest building]].<ref name="scraper">{{cite web |year=2015 |editor=James Newman |title=Europe's Top Skyscraper Cities |url=http://www.skyscrapernews.com/britains.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102536/http://www.skyscrapernews.com/britains.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=20 October 2015 |work=The Top 500 |publisher=SkyscraperNews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/create.php?search=yes&page=0&type_building=on&status_COM=on&list_continent=EU&list_country=PL&list_city=PL-WAW&list_height=150&list_company=&completionsthrough=on&list_year= |title=Warsaw – The Skyscraper Center |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-date=16 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190314/http://skyscrapercenter.com/create.php?search=yes&page=0&type_building=on&status_COM=on&list_continent=EU&list_country=PL&list_city=PL-WAW&list_height=150&list_company=&completionsthrough=on&list_year= |url-status=live}}</ref> Skyscrapers are mostly centered around the [[Śródmieście, Warsaw|Śródmieście]] district, with many located in the commercial district of [[Wola]]. A [[Concentric zone model|concentric zone pattern]] emerged within the last decades; the majority of Warsaw's residents live outside the commercial city centre and commute by [[Warsaw metro|metro]], bus or tram.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b07CCAAAQBAJ&q=model+koncentryczny+warszawa&pg=PA29 |title=PRZEKSZTAŁCENIA PRZESTRZENNEGO ROZMIESZCZENIA ZASOBÓW MIESZKANIOWYCH W WARSZAWIE W LATACH 1945–2008 |first=Marcin |last=Stępniak |date=25 March 2015 |publisher=IGiPZ PAN |isbn=9788361590361 |via=Google Books |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816230648/https://books.google.com/books?id=b07CCAAAQBAJ&q=model+koncentryczny+warszawa&pg=PA29 |url-status=live }}</ref> Residential property in the central neighbourhoods is often reserved for commercial activity or temporary (tourist, student) accommodation. The nearest residential zones are predominantly located on the outskirts of the inner borough, in [[Ochota]], [[Mokotów]] and [[Żoliborz]] or along the [[Vistula]] in [[Powiśle, Warsaw|Powiśle]].<ref name="auto"/>

A seat of [[Polish monarchs]] since the end of the 16th century, Warsaw remained a small city with only privately owned palaces, mansions, villas and several streets of townhouses designed by the finest German, Italian and Dutch architects, among them [[Tylman van Gameren]], [[Andreas Schlüter]], [[Jakub Fontana]], and [[Enrico Marconi]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Az48AAAAMAAJ&q=warszawa+architekt+z+w%C5%82och,+niemiec+niderland%C3%B3w |title=Cztery wieki Mazowsza: Szkice z dziejów, 1526-1914 |year=1968 |publisher=Nasza Księgarnia |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031304/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Cztery_wieki_Mazowsza/Az48AAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=warszawa+architekt+z+w%C5%82och%2C+niemiec+niderland%C3%B3w&dq=warszawa+architekt+z+w%C5%82och%2C+niemiec+niderland%C3%B3w&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> The buildings situated in the vicinity of the Warsaw Old Town represent nearly every European architectural style and [[List of time periods|historical period]]. Warsaw has excellent examples of architecture from the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Renaissance]], [[Baroque]] and [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] periods, all of which are located within walking distance of the centre. This architectural richness has led to Warsaw being described by some commentators as either [[Paris of the East (disambiguation)|Paris of the East]] or [[Paris of the North]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Galloway |first1=Lindsey |title=The secrets hiding in Warsaw, the Paris of the East |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180304-the-secrets-hiding-in-warsaw-the-paris-of-the-east |website=www.bbc.com |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531040740/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180304-the-secrets-hiding-in-warsaw-the-paris-of-the-east |archive-date=31 May 2023 |language=en |date=5 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches, [[Middle class|burgher]] houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are [[St. John's Cathedral, Warsaw|St John's Cathedral]] (1390), a typical Masovian [[Brick Gothic]] example; [[Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Warsaw|St Mary's Church]] (1411); the Burbach [[townhouse]] (14th century);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=43&dz_id=2 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070528001130/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=43&dz_id=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 May 2007 |title=A town house of the Burbach family |work=eGuide / Treasures of Warsaw on-line |access-date=23 February 2009}}</ref> Gunpowder Tower (after 1379); and [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]]'s ''Curia Maior'' (1407–1410). The most notable examples of [[Renaissance architecture]] in the city are the house of the Baryczko merchant family (1562), a building called "The Negro" (early 17th century), and Salwator tenement (1632), all situated on the [[Old Town Market Place, Warsaw|Old Market Place]]. Noteworthy examples of [[Mannerism]] are the [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]] (1596–1619) and the [[Jesuit Church, Warsaw|Jesuit Church]] (1609–1626). Elements of [[Baroque architecture]] appeared at the turn of the 17th century with artists from the royal court circle, and with the construction of [[St. Hyacinth's Church, Warsaw|St. Hyacinth's Church]] and [[Sigismund's Column]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zyciestolicy.com.pl/wyremontuja-kolumne-zygmunta-iii-wazy-za-ponad-230-tys-zlotych/ |title=Wyremontują kolumnę Zygmunta III Wazy za ponad 230 tys. złotych! |first=przez |last=Redakcja |date=21 January 2020 |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622120624/https://zyciestolicy.com.pl/wyremontuja-kolumne-zygmunta-iii-wazy-za-ponad-230-tys-zlotych/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Counter-Reformation]] enforced the Baroque style, as exemplified by the [[Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Warsaw|Church of St. Anthony of Padua]], the [[Carmelite Church, Warsaw|Carmelite Church]] and the [[Holy Cross Church, Warsaw|Holy Cross Church]].<ref name="barok"/> The most significant secular building of this style is the [[Wilanów Palace]], erected for [[John III Sobieski]].<ref name="barok"/> The late Baroque era was the epoch of the [[Personal union of Poland and Saxony|Saxon Kings]] (1697–1763). The [[Saxon Axis]] and the [[Visitationist Church]] date from this period.<ref name="barok">{{Cite web|url=https://edukacjamedialna.edu.pl/lekcje/warszawski-barok/|title=Warszawski barok|website=edukacjamedialna.edu.pl|access-date=21 January 2024|archive-date=8 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708093526/https://edukacjamedialna.edu.pl/lekcje/warszawski-barok/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Neoclassical architecture]] began to be favoured in the second half of the 18th century thanks to King [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]]. The best-known architect who worked in Warsaw at the time was [[Domenico Merlini]]. Significant buildings from this period include the [[Królikarnia|Rabbit House]], [[Holy Trinity Church, Warsaw|Holy Trinity Church]], and the façade of [[St. Anne's Church, Warsaw|St. Anne's Church]]. Neoclassicism dominated the cityscape of Warsaw throughout the 19th century and its revival affected all aspects of architecture; the most notable examples being the [[Great Theatre, Warsaw|Great Theater]], [[Plac Bankowy, Warsaw|Bank Square]], [[Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning|Warsaw Society of Friends of Sciences]] ([[Staszic Palace]]), [[St. Alexander's Church, Warsaw|St. Alexander's Church]], the [[Belweder]], and the tenements at [[New World Street, Warsaw|Nowy Świat Street]]. The [[Saxon Palace]] underwent a complete reconstruction, where the central body of the building was demolished and replaced by a monumental 11-bay [[colonnade]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://varsavianista.pl/index.php/2023/12/11/rozwoj-warszawy-w-drugiej-polowie-xix-w/|title=Architektura warszawska pierwszej połowy XIX w. |website=varsavianista.pl |author=Jerzy S. Majewski |date=11 December 2023 |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref> The turn of the 20th century also precipitated the [[Art Nouveau]] and [[Neo-Renaissance]] movements in secular buildings.

[[File:Warszawa, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 42-44, Karowa 22 20170516 001 (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|[[Hotel Bristol, Warsaw|Hotel Bristol]] is a unique example of Warsaw's architectural heritage, combining [[Art Nouveau]] and [[Neo-Renaissance]] designs.]]

After Poland regained its independence in 1918, national historicism became dominant and [[Art Deco]] forms also began appearing. The formation of state structures necessitated office space leading to the construction of monumental public buildings, including the [[Sejm and Senate Complex|buildings of the Sejm and the Senate]], the [[Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education (Poland)|Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education]], the [[Ministry of Infrastructure (Poland)|Ministry of Public Works]], the [[National Museum in Warsaw|National Museum]], the [[Geological Museum of the State Geological Institute|State Geological Institute]], the [[Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego|Domestic Economy Bank]], the [[Supreme Audit Office (Poland)|Supreme Audit Office]], and the campus of the [[SGH Warsaw School of Economics|Warsaw School of Economics]]. New districts were also established in [[Żoliborz]], [[Ochota]], and [[Mokotów]], often designed around a central square with radiating streets ([[Narutowicz Square]], [[Wilson Square]]). Examples of new large urban projects are the [[Kolonia Lubeckiego|Lubecki colonies]] in Ochota.<ref name="20s">{{Cite web |url=https://varsavianista.pl/index.php/2023/12/29/architektura-warszawy-lat-20-xx-w/ |title=Architektura Warszawy lat 20. XX w. |website=varsavianista.pl |author=Jerzy S. Majewski |date=29 December 2023 |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref>

Exceptional examples of [[bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] architecture of the later periods were not restored by the [[communism|communist]] authorities after the war or were remodelled. Notable examples of post-war architecture include the [[Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw|Palace of Culture and Science]], a [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist]] skyscraper based on the [[Empire State Building]] in New York. The [[Plac Konstytucji|Constitution Square]], with its monumental [[socialist realist]] forms, was modelled on the grand squares of Paris, London, Moscow and [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sampo Ruoppila |title=Processes of Residential Differentiation in Socialist Cities |year=2004 |pages=9–10 |publisher=European Journal of Spatial Development |url=http://www.nordregio.se/ejsd/refereed9.pdf |access-date=10 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819093244/http://www.nordregio.se/EJSD/refereed9.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2010}}</ref> Italianate [[Tuscan order|tuscan-styled]] colonnades based on those at [[Piazza della Repubblica, Rome|Piazza della Repubblica in Rome]] were also erected on [[Plac Zbawiciela|Saviour Square]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://podroze.se.pl/polska/mazowieckie/warszawa/warszawa-plac-zbawiciela-restauracje-zakupy/1537/ |title=Warszawa: Modny Plac Zbawiciela, orientalne restauracje i wielkie zakupy |website=podroze.se.pl |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621103146/https://podroze.se.pl/polska/mazowieckie/warszawa/warszawa-plac-zbawiciela-restauracje-zakupy/1537/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Contemporary architecture]] in Warsaw is represented by the Metropolitan Office Building at [[Piłsudski Square|Pilsudski Square]] and [[Varso]] tower, both by [[Norman Foster (architect)|Norman Foster]],<ref name=Metropolitan/> [[Warsaw University Library]] (BUW) by Marek Budzyński and Zbigniew Badowski, featuring a garden on its roof and view of the Vistula River, [[Rondo 1]] office building by [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]], [[Złota 44]] residential skyscraper by [[Daniel Libeskind]], [[Museum of the History of Polish Jews]] by [[Rainer Mahlamäki]] and the [[Złote Tarasy|Golden Terraces]] comprising seven overlapping domes mixed-use retail and business centre.

===Landmarks===
[[File:Market Square Warsaw (22594p) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Old Town Market Place, Warsaw|Main Market Square]] in [[Warsaw Old Town|Old Town]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]]
{|style="float:left;"
| {{hidden|headercss = width: 285px; background: #B5B5B5;|contentcss=|header=Map of Warsaw Old Town|content=[[File:Old Town in Warsaw map.png|left|thumb|upright=1.25|{{ordered list
| 1 = Stone stairs
| 2 = [[Museum of Warsaw]]
| 3 = [[Warsaw Barbican|Barbican]]
| 4 = Defensive walls
| 5 = Salwator tenement
| 6 = Museum of Leather Crafts
| 7 = St. Anne's tenement
| 8 = Fukier tenement
| 9 = Museum of Literature
| 10 = Museum of Artistic and Precision Crafts
| 11 = [[Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Warsaw|St. Mary's Church]]
| 12 = Gothic Bridge
| 13 = Pelican house
| 14 = [[St. John's Cathedral, Warsaw|St. John's Cathedral]]
| 15 = [[Jesuit Church, Warsaw|Jesuit Church]]
| 16 = Canonicity
| 17 = [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]]
| 18 = [[Copper-Roof Palace]]
| 19 = East&nbsp;– West Route tunnel
| 20 = Dung Hill
| 21 = Warsaw Mermaid statue
| 22 = [[Sigismund's Column]]
}}]]
}}
|}
Although contemporary Warsaw is a fairly young city compared to other European capitals, it has numerous [[tourist attraction]]s and architectural monuments dating back centuries. Apart from the [[Warsaw Old Town]] area, reconstructed after World War II, each borough has something to offer. Among the most notable landmarks of the Old Town are the [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]], [[Sigismund's Column]], [[Old Town Market Place, Warsaw|Market Square]], and the [[Warsaw Barbican|Barbican]].

[[File:Castle Square (22271p).jpg|thumb|right|Castle Square, with the [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]] and [[Sigismund's Column]] in the background]]

Further south is the so-called [[Royal Route, Warsaw|Royal Route]], with many historical churches, [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] and [[classicism|Classicist]] palaces, most notably the [[Presidential Palace, Warsaw|Presidential Palace]], and the [[University of Warsaw]] campus. The former royal residence of King [[John III Sobieski]] at [[Wilanów Palace|Wilanów]] is notable for its Baroque architecture and eloquent palatial garden.<ref name=wilanow-palac/>

In many places in the city the [[Jewish culture]] and [[History of the Jews in Poland|history]] resonates down through time.<ref name="judaica"/> Among them the most notable are the [[Jewish Theatre, Warsaw|Jewish theater]], the [[Nożyk Synagogue]], [[Janusz Korczak]]'s Orphanage and the picturesque Próżna Street.<ref name="judaica"/> The tragic pages of Warsaw's history are commemorated in places such as the [[Monument to the Ghetto Heroes]], the [[Umschlagplatz (Warsaw Ghetto)|Umschlagplatz]], fragments of the ghetto wall on Sienna Street and a mound in memory of the [[Jewish Combat Organization]].<ref name="judaica"/>

Many places commemorate the heroic history of Warsaw such as [[Pawiak]], a German [[Gestapo]] prison now occupied by a [[Mausoleum]] of Memory of [[Martyr]]dom and a museum. The [[Warsaw Citadel]], a 19th-century fortification built after the defeat of the [[November Uprising]], was a place of martyrdom for the Poles. Another important monument, the statue of [[Mały Powstaniec|Little Insurrectionist]] located at the ramparts of the Old Town, commemorates the children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising, while the [[Warsaw Uprising Monument]] by Wincenty Kućma was erected in memory of the largest insurrection of World War II.<ref name="heroic"/><ref name=Montagu/>

In Warsaw there are many places connected with the life and work of [[Frédéric Chopin]] who was born near the city in [[Żelazowa Wola]]. The heart of the Polish composer is sealed inside Warsaw's [[Holy Cross Church, Warsaw|Holy Cross Church]].<ref name=Holy_Cross/> During the summer time the [[Chopin Statue, Warsaw|Chopin Statue]] in Łazienki Park is a place where pianists give concerts to the park audience.<ref name=Chopin_Monument/>

Also many references to [[Marie Curie]], her work and her family can be found in Warsaw; Curie's birthplace at the [[Warsaw New Town]], the working places where she did her first scientific works<ref name=aip1/> and the [[Curie Institute (Warsaw)|Radium Institute]] at Wawelska Street for the research and the treatment of which she founded in 1925.<ref name=aip2/>

===Cemeteries===
[[File:Stare Powązki 2015.JPG|thumb|right|[[Powązki Cemetery]] (1790), Warsaw's oldest and most important necropolis]]
The oldest [[necropolis]] in Warsaw is [[Powązki Cemetery|Stare Powązki]], established in 1790. It is one of Poland's national necropolises.<ref name="cmentarze">{{Cite web |url= https://dzieje.pl/wiadomosci/warszawskie-cmentarze-czyli-historia-polski-i-warszawy-w-pigulce |title=Warszawskie cmentarze, czyli historia Polski i Warszawy w pigułce |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref>

The cemetery covers an area of 43 ha. On the day of consecration of the Powązki Cemetery, the foundation stone was laid for the construction of the church of [[Charles Borromeo|Saint Charles Borromeo]], designed by the royal architect [[Domenico Merlini]]. Catacombs were intended to be a prestigious resting place intended mainly for the nobles, such as [[Michał Jerzy Poniatowski|Michał Poniatowski]], [[Hugo Kołłątaj]], [[Michał Kazimierz Ogiński]]. Over a million people are buried at Stare Powązki. In the Avenue of Merit there are the graves of insurgents and soldiers, independence activists, writers, poets, scientists, artists and thinkers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://um.warszawa.pl/-/stare-powazki-wszystkie-groby-policzone-i-opisane |title=Stare Powązki – wszystkie groby policzone i opisane |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref> The nearby [[Powązki Military Cemetery]] was established in 1912 for soldiers stationed in Warsaw. After [[World War II]], the cemetery became a burial place for people associated with the [[Polish People's Republic]] - politicians, officials and military personnel.<ref name="cmentarze"/>

The complex of non-Roman Catholic cemeteries consists of [[Evangelical–Augsburg Cemetery, Warsaw|Evangelical–Augsburg Cemetery]], [[Evangelical Reformed Cemetery, Warsaw|Evangelical Reformed Cemetery]], [[Jewish Cemetery, Warsaw|Jewish Cemetery]], [[Orthodox Cemetery, Warsaw|Orthodox Cemetery]] and Muslim Tatar Cemetery.<ref name="cmentarze"/> Other significant Warsaw necropolises are: [[Bródno Cemetery]] [[Warsaw Insurgents Cemetery]], [[Służew Old Cemetery]], [[Służew New Cemetery]]. There are two large municipal cemeteries in the city – [[Northern Communal Cemetery]] and Southern Communal Cemetery.

===Memorials===
The city's symbol is the [[Mermaid of Warsaw|mermaid]] placed in the capital's coat of arms. There are three mermaid monuments in Warsaw: one on the banks of the [[Vistula]], the second on the [[Old Town Market Place, Warsaw|Old Town Square]], and the third in [[Praga-Południe]]. The oldest monument in Warsaw is the [[Sigismund's Column]]. It was built in 1644 according to the design of the Italians: Augustine Locci and Constantin Tencall. The King of Poland [[Sigismund III Vasa]] stands on a 22-meter high tower, holding a cross and a sword in his hand. The monument was destroyed and rebuilt many times.<ref name="pomniki">{{Cite web |url= https://viacitymap.pl/Miasta/Warszawa/Artykuly/Wazne-pomniki-w-Warszawie |title=Ważne pomniki w Warszawie |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Poland-00739 - MORNING TIME - Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (30407658083).jpg|thumb|right|[[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]], once part of the [[colonnade]] of [[Saxon Palace]]]]

Many monuments commemorate heroic and tragic moments in the history of Poland and Warsaw. [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw|The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] located in [[Piłsudski Square]] was built on the initiative of General [[Władysław Sikorski]] in the arcades of the [[Saxon Palace]]. In 1925, the ashes of the unknown soldier who died during the [[Battle of Lemberg (1918)|defense of Lviv]] were placed under the colonnade, then urns with soil from 24 battlefields were buried here. Among the monuments related to the [[World War II]] are [[Monument to the Heroes of Warsaw|Nike Monument]] that commemorates the heroes of Warsaw from 1939 to 1945, [[Monument to the Polish Underground State and Home Army]], Monument to the [[Little Insurrectionist]] and [[Warsaw Uprising Monument]] in front of the Supreme Court building at [[Krasiński Square]]. [[Monument to the Ghetto Heroes]] commemorates the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://viacitymap.pl/Miasta/Warszawa/Artykuly/Wazne-pomniki-w-Warszawie |title=WARSZAWSKIE POMNIKI |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref>

In 1929, a [[Frédéric Chopin Monument, Warsaw|monument to Frédéric Chopin]] was constructed in the Royal [[Łazienki Park]].  Every summer at its foot classical music concerts featuring world-famous pianists take place. Other important monuments are: [[Adam Mickiewicz Monument, Warsaw|Adam Mickiewicz Monument]], [[Tadeusz Kościuszko Monument, Warsaw|Tadeusz Kościuszko Monument]], Marie Curie Monument, [[Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski Monument, Warsaw|Prince Józef  Poniatowski Monument]], [[Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Warsaw|Nicolaus Copernicus Monument]], [[Stefan Starzyński Monument]], [[Józef Piłsudski Monument, Warsaw|Józef Piłsudski Monument]], [[Janusz Korczak Monument, Warsaw|Janusz Korczak Monument]].<ref name="pomniki"/>

===Flora and fauna===
Green space covers almost a quarter of Warsaw's total area.<ref name="warsaw_tour">{{cite web |author=Warsaw Tourist Office |url=http://www.warsawtour.pl/en/warsaw-for-everyone/parks-gardens-2075.html |title=Parks & Gardens |work=warsawtour.pl |access-date=23 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112140506/http://www.warsawtour.pl/en/warsaw-for-everyone/parks-gardens-2075.html |archive-date=12 January 2010 |url-status=dead}} "Warsaw is a green city. Almost a quarter of its area is {{sic|comprised|hide=y|of}} fields, parks, green squares and lush gardens, making Warsaw a European metropolis that truly offers its visitors a breath of fresh air."</ref> These range from small neighborhood parks and green spaces along streets or in courtyards, to tree-lined avenues, large historic parks, nature conservation areas and urban forests at the fringe of the city. There are as many as 82 parks in the city;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/parki-5.php |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516221538/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/parki-5.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2016 |title=Parki i lasy Warszawy |work=um.warszawa.pl |access-date=25 February 2009 |language=pl}}</ref> the oldest ones were once part of representative palaces and include the [[Saxon Garden|Saxon]] and [[Krasiński Palace|Krasiński]] Gardens, [[Łazienki Park]] (Royal Baths Park) and [[Wilanów Palace]] Parkland.
[[File:Palace on the Water, Łazienki Park, Warsaw.jpg|thumb|[[Łazienki Palace]], also referred to as the ''Palace on the Isle'']]

The Saxon Garden, covering an area of 15.5 ha, formally served as a royal garden to the now nonexistent [[Saxon Palace]]. In 1727, it was made into one of the world's first public parks and later remodelled in the forest-like [[English Garden|English style]]. The [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] is situated at the east end of the park near the central fountain, on [[Piłsudski Square]]. With its benches, flower carpets and a central pond, the Krasiński Palace Garden was once a notable strolling destination for most Varsovians. The Łazienki Park covers an area of 76 ha and its unique character and history is reflected in the [[landscape architecture]] (pavilions, sculptures, bridges, water cascades) and vegetation (domestic and foreign species of trees and shrubs). The presence of [[Indian peafowl|peacocks]], [[common pheasant|pheasants]] and squirrels at Łazienki attracts tourists and locals. The Wilanów Palace Parkland on the outskirts of Warsaw traces it history to the second half of the 17th century and covers an area of 43 ha. Its [[Garden à la française|French-styled alleys]] corresponds to the ancient, Baroque forms of the palace.

The Botanical Garden and the [[Warsaw University Library|University Library]] rooftop garden host an extensive collection of rare domestic and foreign plants, while a [[palm house]] in the New Orangery displays plants of subtropics from all over the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/?mi_id=148&dz_id=14 |title=Nowa Pomarańczarnia |work=ePrzewodnik / Perełki Warszawy on-line |access-date=24 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208182537/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/?mi_id=148&dz_id=14 |archive-date=8 February 2006 |language=pl |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Mokotów Field]] (once a racetrack), [[Ujazdów Park]] and [[Skaryszewski Park]] are also located within the city borders. The oldest [[Praga Park|park in the Praga]] borough was established between 1865 and 1871.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zielona.um.warszawa.pl/tereny-zielone/park-praski |title=Park Praski |work=zielona.um.warszawa.pl |access-date=19 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313065613/http://zielona.um.warszawa.pl/tereny-zielone/park-praski |archive-date=13 March 2010 |language=pl |url-status=dead}} ''Powstał w latach 1865–1871, według projektu Jana Dobrowolskiego, na prawym brzegu Wisły.''</ref>

The flora of Warsaw may be considered very rich in species on city standards. This is mainly due to the location of Warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions comprising substantial proportions of close-to-wilderness areas (natural forests, wetlands along the Vistula) as well as [[arable land]], [[meadow]]s and forests. The nearby [[Kampinos Forest|Kampinos Nature Reserve]] is the last remaining part of the Masovian [[Old-growth forest|Primeval Forest]] and is protected by law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bpn.com.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=230&Itemid=170 |title=Nature reserves as a refuge of Grifola frondosa (DICKS.: FR.) GRAY in central Poland |work=bpn.com.pl |access-date=24 February 2009 |archive-date=12 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812201420/http://bpn.com.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=230&Itemid=170 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Kabaty Woods]] are by the southern city border and are visited by the residents of southern boroughs such as [[Ursynów]]. There are 13 natural reserves in the vicinity and just {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=off}} from Warsaw, the environment features a perfectly preserved [[ecosystem]] with a habitat of animals like the [[European otter|otter]], [[European beaver|beavers]] and hundreds of bird species.<ref name=Kayaking/> There are also several lakes in Warsaw&nbsp;– mainly the [[oxbow lake]]s at [[Czerniaków]] and [[Kamionek]].

The [[Warsaw Zoo]] covers an area of {{convert|40|ha|acre|abbr=off}}.<ref name="zoo">{{cite web |url=http://www.zoo.waw.pl/ |title=Warsaw Zoo |work=zoo.waw.pl |access-date=24 February 2009 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428115417/https://zoo.waw.pl/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There are about 5,000 animals representing nearly 500 species.<ref name="zoo" /> Although officially created in 1928,<ref name="zoo" /> it traces back its roots to 17th century private menageries, often open to the public.<ref name="New_Zoo_Revue" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Zoo and aquarium history: ancient animal collections to zoological gardens |year=2000 |editor=Vernon N. Kisling |pages=118–119 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=0-8493-2100-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxTrR5nOE0UC |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=13 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413152253/https://books.google.com/books?id=dxTrR5nOE0UC |url-status=live }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Palac Lazienki,Warszawa,Polska,UE. - panoramio (5).jpg|[[Frédéric Chopin Monument, Warsaw|Frédéric Chopin's monument]] in [[Łazienki Park]]
File:Warszawa-Ogród Saski fontanna.jpg|[[Saxon Garden]] with the central fountain
File:Pole Mokotowskie Pond Warsaw 2024 aerial (cropped).jpg|[[Mokotów Field]], with Warsaw's skyline
File:Ogród BUW w Warszawie 2019b.jpg|[[Botanical garden]] on the roof of [[University of Warsaw Library|University Library]]
File:Gorka Szczesliwicka Warsaw 2023 aerial.jpg|Artificial [[Szczęśliwice Hill|hill in Szczęśliwice Park]], with a ski slope
</gallery>