Editing Wallachia (section)

===From Wallachia to Romania===
{{See also|Industrial development in the Principality of Wallachia}}

====Early 19th century====
The death of prince [[Alexandru Suțu|Alexander Soutzos]] in 1821, coinciding with the outbreak of the [[Greek War of Independence]], established a boyar [[Regent|regency]] which attempted to block the arrival of [[Scarlat Callimachi (hospodar)|Scarlat Callimachi]] to his throne in Bucharest. The parallel [[Wallachian uprising of 1821|uprising in Oltenia]], carried out by the [[Vladimirescu's Pandurs|Pandur]] leader [[Tudor Vladimirescu]], although aimed at overthrowing the ascendancy of [[Greeks in Romania|Greeks]],<ref>Djuvara, pp. 89, 299</ref> compromised with the Greek revolutionaries in the [[Filiki Eteria]] and allied itself with the regents,<ref>Djuvara, p. 297</ref> while seeking Russian support<ref>Giurescu, p. 115</ref> (see also: [[Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire]]).

[[File:Obşteasca Adunare, 1837.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Sfatul boieresc|Legislative Assembly]] of Wallachia in 1837]]

On 21 March 1821 Vladimirescu entered Bucharest. For the following weeks, relations between him and his allies worsened, especially after he sought an agreement with the Ottomans;<ref>Djuvara, p. 298</ref> Eteria's leader [[Alexander Ypsilantis (1792–1828)|Alexander Ypsilantis]], who had established himself in Moldavia and, after May, in northern Wallachia, viewed the alliance as broken—he had Vladimirescu executed, and faced the Ottoman intervention without Pandur or Russian backing, suffering major defeats in Bucharest and [[Drăgășani]] (before retreating to [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] custody in [[Transylvania]]).<ref>Djuvara, p. 301; Giurescu, pp. 116–117</ref> These violent events, which had seen the majority of Phanariotes siding with Ypsilantis, made [[Ottoman Dynasty|Sultan]] [[Mahmud II]] place the Principalities under its occupation (evicted by a request of several European powers),<ref>Djuvara, p. 307</ref> and sanction the end of Phanariote rules: in Wallachia, the first prince to be considered a local one after 1715 was [[Grigore IV Ghica]]. Although the new system was confirmed for the rest of Wallachia's existence as a state, Ghica's rule was abruptly ended by the devastating [[Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829|Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829]].<ref>Djuvara, p. 321</ref>

The 1829 [[Treaty of Adrianople (1829)|Treaty of Adrianople]] placed Wallachia and Moldavia under Russian military rule, without overturning Ottoman [[suzerainty]], awarding them the first common institutions and semblance of a [[constitution]] (see [[Regulamentul Organic]]). Wallachia was returned ownership of [[Brăila]], [[Giurgiu]] (both of which soon developed into major trading cities on the [[Danube]]), and [[Turnu Măgurele]].<ref>Giurescu, pp. 122, 127</ref> The treaty also allowed Moldavia and Wallachia to freely trade with countries other than the Ottoman Empire, which signalled substantial economic and urban growth, as well as improving the peasant situation.<ref>Djuvara, pp. 262, 324; Giurescu, pp. 127, 266</ref> Many of the provisions had been specified by the 1826 [[Akkerman Convention]] between Russia and the Ottomans, but it had never been fully implemented in the three-year interval.<ref>Djuvara, p. 323</ref> The duty of overseeing of the Principalities was left to Russian general [[Pavel Kiselyov]]; this period was marked by a series of major changes, including the reestablishment of a [[Wallachian Army]] (1831), a [[tax reform]] (which nonetheless confirmed [[tax exemption]]s for the [[Privilege (legal ethics)|privileged]]), as well as major urban works in Bucharest and other cities.<ref>Djuvara, pp. 323–324; Giurescu, pp. 122–127</ref> In 1834, Wallachia's throne was occupied by [[Alexandru II Ghica]]—a move in contradiction with the Adrianople treaty, as he had not been elected by the new [[Sfatul boieresc|Legislative Assembly]]; he was removed by the suzerains in 1842 and replaced with an elected prince, [[Gheorghe Bibescu]].<ref>Djuvara, p. 325</ref>

====1840s–1850s====
{{Main|Wallachian Revolution of 1848|Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia}}
[[Image:Tricolore1848.jpg|thumb|upright|right|1848 revolutionaries carrying an early version of the [[flag of Romania]]. The text on the flag can be translated as: "Justice, Brotherhood".]]

Opposition to Ghica's arbitrary and highly [[Conservatism|conservative]] rule, together with the rise of [[Liberalism in Romania|liberal]] and [[Radicalism (historical)|radical]] currents, was first felt with the protests voiced by Ion Câmpineanu (quickly repressed);<ref>Djuvara, p. 329; Giurescu, p. 134</ref> subsequently, it became increasingly [[Conspiracy (political)|conspiratorial]], and centered on those [[Secret society|secret societies]] created by young officers such as [[Nicolae Bălcescu]] and [[Mitică Filipescu]].<ref>Djuvara, p. 330; Giurescu, pp. 132–133</ref>
''Frăția'', a clandestine movement created in 1843, began planning a revolution to overthrow Bibescu and repeal ''Regulamentul Organic'' in 1848 (inspired by the [[Revolutions of 1848|European rebellions of the same year]]). Their pan-Wallachian ''[[coup d'état]]'' was initially successful only near [[Turnu Măgurele]], where crowds cheered the ''[[Islaz Proclamation]]'' (9 June); among others, the document called for [[Freedom (political)|political freedoms]], independence, [[land reform]], and the creation of a national guard.<ref>Djuvara, p. 331; Giurescu, pp. 133–134</ref> On 11–12 June the movement was successful in deposing Bibescu and establishing a Provisional Government,<ref name="ro">Djuvara, p. 331; Giurescu, pp. 136–137</ref> which made ''Dreptate, Frăție'' ("Justice, Brotherhood") the [[national motto]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Decretul_No._1_al_Guvernului_provisoriu_al_%C8%9A%C4%83rii-Rom%C3%A2nesci |title=Decretul No. 1 al Guvernului provisoriu al Țării-Românesci |access-date=27 March 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301205950/https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Decretul_No._1_al_Guvernului_provisoriu_al_%C8%9A%C4%83rii-Rom%C3%A2nesci |url-status=live }}</ref> Although sympathetic to the anti-Russian goals of the revolution, the Ottomans were pressured by Russia into repressing it: Ottoman troops entered Bucharest on 13 September.<ref name="ro" /> Russian and Turkish troops, present until 1851, brought [[Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei]] to the throne, during which interval most participants in the revolution were sent into exile.

[[File:Rom1856-1859.png|thumb|left|Wallachia (in green), after the Treaty of Paris (1856)]]

Briefly under renewed Russian occupation during the [[Crimean War]], Wallachia and Moldavia were given a new status with a neutral [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] administration (1854–1856) and the [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|Treaty of Paris]]: a tutelage shared by Ottomans and a Congress of Great Powers (Britain, France, the [[Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia]], the Austrian Empire, Prussia, and, albeit never again fully, Russia), with a ''[[kaymakam]]''-led internal administration. The emerging movement for a union of the [[Danubian Principalities]] (a demand first voiced in 1848, and a cause cemented by the return of revolutionary exiles) was advocated by the French and their Sardinian allies, supported by Russia and Prussia, but was rejected or suspicioned by all other overseers.<ref>Giurescu, pp. 139–141</ref>

[[Image:Divanul Ad-Hoc, 1857.jpg|thumb|Wallachia's ''[[Ad hoc Divan]]'' in 1857]]

After an intense campaign, a formal union was ultimately granted: nevertheless, elections for the ''[[Ad hoc Divan]]s'' of 1859 profited from a legal ambiguity (the text of the final agreement specified two thrones, but did not prevent any single person from simultaneously taking part in and winning elections in both Bucharest and [[Iași]]). [[Alexander John Cuza]], who ran for the unionist ''[[Partida Națională]]'', won the elections in Moldavia on 5 January; Wallachia, which was expected by the unionists to carry the same vote, returned a majority of anti-unionists to its ''divan''.<ref name="Giurescu, p. 142">Giurescu, p. 142</ref>

Those elected changed their allegiance after a mass protest of Bucharest crowds,<ref name="Giurescu, p. 142"/> and Cuza was voted prince of Wallachia on 5 February (24 January [[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar#Adoption in Eastern Europe|Old Style]]), consequently confirmed as ''[[Domnitor]]'' of the [[United Principalities|United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia]] (''of Romania'' from 1862) and [[Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia|effectively uniting both principalities]]. Internationally recognized only for the duration of his reign, the union was irreversible after the ascension of [[Carol I of Romania|Carol I]] in 1866 (coinciding with the [[Austro-Prussian War]], it came at a time when Austria, the main opponent of the decision, was not in a position to intervene).