Editing Vitamin E (section)

== Dietary recommendations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|US vitamin E recommendations ([[milligram|mg]] per day)<ref name="DRItext" />
|-
|AI (children ages 0–6 months)
|4
|-
|AI (children ages 7–12 months)
|5
|-
|RDA (children ages 1–3 years)
|6
|-
|RDA (children ages 4–8 years)
|7
|-
|RDA (children ages 9–13 years)
|11
|-
|RDA (children ages 14–18 years)
|15
|-
|RDA (adults ages 19+)
|15
|-
|RDA (pregnancy)
|15
|-
|RDA (lactation)
|19
|-
|UL (adults)
|1,000
|}

The U.S. [[National Academy of Medicine]] updated [[Estimated Average Requirement|estimated average requirements]] (EARs) and [[Recommended Dietary Allowance|recommended dietary allowances]] (RDAs) for vitamin E in 2000. RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts that will cover people with higher than average requirements. [[Adequate intake]]s (AIs) are identified when there is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs. The EAR for vitamin E for women and men ages 14 and up is 12&nbsp;mg/day. The RDA is 15&nbsp;mg/day.<ref name="DRItext">{{cite book | last1 = Institute of Medicine | title = Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids | chapter = Vitamin E | publisher = The National Academies Press | year = 2000 | location = Washington, DC | pages = 186–283 | chapter-url = https://www.nap.edu/read/9810/chapter/8 | doi = 10.17226/9810 | pmid = 25077263 | isbn = 978-0-309-06935-9 | author1-link = Institute of Medicine | access-date = 26 February 2018 | archive-date = 26 February 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180226152013/https://www.nap.edu/read/9810/chapter/8 | url-status = live }}</ref> As for safety, [[tolerable upper intake level]]s ("upper limits" or ULs) are set for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. Hemorrhagic effects in rats were selected as the critical endpoint to calculate the upper limit via starting with the lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level. The result was a human upper limit set at 1000&nbsp;mg/day.<ref name="DRItext" /> Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as [[Dietary Reference Intake]]s.<ref name="DRItext" />

The [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as dietary reference values, with population reference intakes (PRIs) instead of RDAs, and average requirements instead of EARs. AIs and ULs are defined the same as in the United States. For women and men ages 10 and older, the PRIs are set at 11 and 13&nbsp;mg/day, respectively. PRI for pregnancy is 11&nbsp;mg/day, for lactation 11&nbsp;mg/day. For children ages 1–9 years the PRIs increase with age from 6 to 9&nbsp;mg/day.<ref name=EFSA-PRI>{{cite web| title = Overview on dietary reference values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies| year = 2017| url = https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf| access-date = 2 September 2017| archive-date = 28 August 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170828082247/https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> The EFSA used an effect on blood clotting as a safety-critical effect. It identified that no adverse effects were observed in a human trial as 540&nbsp;mg/day, used an uncertainty factor of 2 to derive an upper limit of half of that, then rounded to 300&nbsp;mg/day.<ref name=EFSA-UL>{{citation| title = Tolerable upper intake levels For vitamins and minerals| publisher = European Food Safety Authority| year = 2006| url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf| access-date = 5 May 2016| archive-date = 19 September 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170919040144/http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>

The People's Republic of China publishes dietary guidelines without specifics for individual vitamins or minerals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eight key recommendations from Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents (2022) |url=https://en.chinacdc.cn/health_topics/nutrition_health/202206/t20220616_259702.html |date=June 2022 |website=Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=23 September 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923092126/https://en.chinacdc.cn/health_topics/nutrition_health/202206/t20220616_259702.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The United Kingdom recommends 4&nbsp;mg/day for adult men and 3&nbsp;mg/day for adult women.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-e/ |title=Vitamin E |vauthors= |date=23 October 2017 |website=United Kingdom National Health Services |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108004558/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-e/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Japan National Institute of Health and Nutrition set adult AIs at 6.5&nbsp;mg/day (females) and 7.0&nbsp;mg/day (males), and 650–700&nbsp;mg/day (females), and 750–900&nbsp;mg/day (males) for upper limits (amounts depending on age).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tanaka K, Terao J, Shidoji Y, Tamai H, Imai E, Okano T |title=Dietary reference intakes for Japanese 2010: fat-soluble vitamins |journal=Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology |date=2012 |volume=59 |issue=Supplement |pages=S57–66 |doi=10.3177/jnsv.59.S57 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> India recommends an adult intake of 7.5–10&nbsp;mg/day and does not set an upper limit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nin.res.in/RDA_Full_Report_2024.html |title=ICMR-NIN Expert Group on Nutrient Requirement for Indians, Recommended Dietary Allowances and Estimated Average Requirements (2020) |website=Indian Council for Medical Research |access-date=17 November 2024 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911231350/https://www.nin.res.in/RDA_Full_Report_2024.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] recommends that adults consume 10&nbsp;mg/day.<ref name=Peter2016 />

Consumption tends to be below these recommendations. A worldwide summary reported a median dietary intake of 6.2&nbsp;mg/d for alpha-tocopherol.<ref name=Peter2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Péter S, Friedel A, Roos FF, Wyss A, Eggersdorfer M, Hoffmann K, Weber P | title = A systematic review of global alpha-tocopherol status as assessed by nutritional intake levels and blood serum concentrations | journal = International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research | volume = 85 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 261–81 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 27414419 | doi = 10.1024/0300-9831/a000281 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref>

=== Food labeling ===
For US food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of daily value. For vitamin E labeling purposes 100% of the daily value was 30 [[international unit]]s (IUs), but as of May 2016, it was revised to 15&nbsp;mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA.<ref name="FedReg">{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf |title=Federal Register May 27, 2016 food labeling: revision of the nutrition and supplement facts labels. FR page 33982. |access-date=31 August 2017 |archive-date=8 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808164651/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at [[Reference Daily Intake]].

European Union regulations require that labels declare energy, protein, fat, saturated fat, carbohydrates, sugars, and salt. Voluntary nutrients may be shown if present in significant amounts. Instead of daily values, amounts are shown as percent of reference intakes (RIs). For vitamin E, 100% RI was set at 12&nbsp;mg in 2011.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council |journal=Official Journal of the European Union |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=18–63 |year=2011 |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:304:0018:0063:EN:PDF |access-date=21 February 2018 |archive-date=26 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726215901/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ%3AL%3A2011%3A304%3A0018%3A0063%3AEN%3APDF |url-status=live }}</ref>

The international unit measurement was used by the United States in 1968–2016. 1 IU is the biological equivalent of about 0.667&nbsp;mg d (RRR)-alpha-tocopherol (2/3&nbsp;mg exactly), or of 0.90&nbsp;mg of dl-alpha-tocopherol, corresponding to the then-measured relative potency of stereoisomers. In May 2016, the measurements were revised, such that 1&nbsp;mg of "Vitamin E" is 1&nbsp;mg of d-alpha-tocopherol or 2&nbsp;mg of dl-alpha-tocopherol.<ref name=NIH-Calc>{{cite web |title=Unit conversions |url=https://dietarysupplementdatabase.usda.nih.gov/Conversions.php |publisher=National Institutes of Health |access-date=21 November 2018 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427102806/https://dietarysupplementdatabase.usda.nih.gov/Conversions.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The change was originally started in 2000, when forms of vitamin E other than alpha-tocopherol were dropped from dietary calculations by the IOM. The UL amount disregards any conversion.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219164132/http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/SR20/SR20_doc.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2012 |url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400525/Data/SR20/SR20_doc.pdf |title=Composition of foods raw, processed, prepared USDA national nutrient database for standard reference, Release 20 |publisher=USDA |date=February 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The EFSA has never used an IU unit, and their measurement only considers RRR-alpha-tocopherol.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for vitamin E as α-tocopherol |journal=EFSA Journal |date=July 2015 |volume=13 |issue=7 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4149 |s2cid=79232649 |quote=only 2R-α-tocopherol stereoisomers were found to meet human requirements for the vitamin... Currently, only RRR-α-tocopherol is considered to be the physiologically active vitamer.| doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref>