Editing Varna, Bulgaria (section)

== Geography ==
[[File:Varna bay2.jpg|thumb|[[Gulf of Varna|Varna bay]]]]

The city occupies {{convert|238|km2|4=0|abbr=on}}<ref>[http://www.varna.bg/varna/varna.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718235831/http://www.varna.bg/varna/varna.htm|date=18 July 2011}}</ref> on verdant terraces (Varna [[monocline]] of the [[Moesian Platform]]) descending from the calcareous Franga Plateau (height {{convert|356|m|4=0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on the north and Avren Plateau on the south, along the horseshoe-shaped [[Gulf of Varna|Varna Bay]] of the [[Black Sea]], the elongated [[Lake Varna]], and two artificial waterways connecting the bay and the lake and bridged by the [[Asparuhov most]]. It is the centre of a growing conurbation stretching along the seaboard {{convert|20|km|4=0|abbr=on}} north and {{convert|10|km|4=0|abbr=on}} south (mostly residential and recreational sprawl) and along the lake {{convert|25|km|4=0|abbr=on}} west (mostly transportation and industrial facilities). Since antiquity, the city has been surrounded by vineyards, orchards, and forests. Commercial shipping facilities are being relocated inland into the lakes and canals, while the bay remains a recreation area; almost all the waterfront is parkland.

The urban area has in excess of 20&nbsp;km of sand beaches and abounds in thermal mineral water sources (temperature {{convert|35|-|55|C|disp=or}}). It enjoys a mild climate influenced by the sea with long, mild, akin to Mediterranean, autumns, and sunny and hot, yet considerably cooler than Mediterranean summers moderated by breezes and regular rainfall. Although Varna receives about two-thirds of the average rainfall for Bulgaria, abundant groundwater keeps its wooded hills lush throughout summer. The city is cut off from north and northeast winds by hills along the north arm of the bay, yet January and February still can be bitterly cold at times, with blizzards. Black Sea water has become cleaner after 1989 due to decreased chemical fertiliser in farming; it has low salinity, lacks large predators or poisonous species, and the tidal range is virtually imperceptible.

The city lies {{convert|470|km|4=0|abbr=on}} north-east of Sofia; the nearest major cities are [[Dobrich]] ({{convert|45|km|4=0|abbr=on|disp=or}} to the north), [[Shumen]] ({{convert|80|km|4=0|abbr=on|disp=or}} to the west), and [[Burgas]] ({{convert|125|km|4=0|abbr=on|disp=or}} to the south-west).

=== Climate ===
Varna has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfa'').
The specific Black sea climate is milder than the inland parts of the country and the sea influence lowers the effect of the occasional cold air masses from the north-east. Average precipitation is the lowest for the country and sunshine is abundant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Черноморска област |url=http://geografia.kabinata.com/13.htm |access-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219055305/http://geografia.kabinata.com/13.htm |archive-date=19 December 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The summer begins in early May and lasts till early October. Temperatures in summer usually vary {{convert|27–30|C}} during the day and between {{convert|17|-|18|C}} at the night. Seawater temperature during the summer months is usually at the range {{convert|24|-|27|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Архив морска вода |url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/sea_water.php |website=www.stringmeteo.com |access-date=17 February 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217221229/https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/sea_water.php |url-status=live }}</ref> In winter temperatures are about {{convert|6–7|C}} during the day and {{convert|0|C}} at night. Snow is possible in the coldest months, but can quickly melt. The highest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|41.4|C}} in July 1927 and the lowest {{convert|−24.3|C}} in February 1929.
{{Weather box |width = auto
| location = Varna (normals for 1991–2020  extremes 1961–2020)	
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C =21.2
| Feb record high C =22.6
| Mar record high C =29.5
| Apr record high C =30.7
| May record high C =35.6
| Jun record high C =36.8
| Jul record high C =40.0
| Aug record high C =40.0
| Sep record high C =37.2
| Oct record high C =32.1
| Nov record high C =27.0
| Dec record high C =24.5
| Jan high C  =6.6
| Feb high C  =8.1
| Mar high C  =11.2
| Apr high C  =15.5
| May high C  =21.2
| Jun high C  =26.1
| Jul high C  =28.9
| Aug high C  =29.4
| Sep high C  =24.8
| Oct high C  =19.0
| Nov high C  =13.2
| Dec high C  =8.2
| Jan mean C  =2.7
| Feb mean C  =3.6
| Mar mean C  =6.5
| Apr mean C  =10.7
| May mean C  =16.2
| Jun mean C  =21.0
| Jul mean C  =23.3
| Aug mean C  =23.5
| Sep mean C  =19.1
| Oct mean C  =14.0
| Nov mean C  =9.1
| Dec mean C  =4.3
| Jan low C  =-0.5
| Feb low C  =0.3
| Mar low C  =3.1
| Apr low C  =7.2
| May low C  =12.3
| Jun low C  =16.7
| Jul low C  =18.9
| Aug low C  =19.2
| Sep low C  =15.2
| Oct low C  =10.5
| Nov low C  =5.9
| Dec low C  =1.3
| Jan record low C  =-17.8
| Feb record low C  =-16.0
| Mar record low C  =-13.5
| Apr record low C  =-1.6
| May record low C  =2.5
| Jun record low C  =7.8
| Jul record low C  =10.2
| Aug record low C  =9.4
| Sep record low C  =3.5
| Oct record low C  =-3.0
| Nov record low C  =-9.6
| Dec record low C  =-12.7

| precipitation colour  =  green
| Jan precipitation mm  =45
| Feb precipitation mm  =33
| Mar precipitation mm  =32
| Apr precipitation mm  =38
| May precipitation mm  =38
| Jun precipitation mm  =52
| Jul precipitation mm  =48
| Aug precipitation mm  =29
| Sep precipitation mm  =49
| Oct precipitation mm  =56
| Nov precipitation mm  =49
| Dec precipitation mm  =47
| year precipitation mm =
| unit precipitation days =  1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days  =6
| Feb precipitation days  =5
| Mar precipitation days  =6
| Apr precipitation days  =6
| May precipitation days  =7
| Jun precipitation days  =6
| Jul precipitation days  =5
| Aug precipitation days  =3
| Sep precipitation days  =5
| Oct precipitation days  =6
| Nov precipitation days  =6
| Dec precipitation days  =6
| year precipitation days =
| daily           = 
| Jan humidity    =82
| Feb humidity    =81
| Mar humidity    =79
| Apr humidity    =77
| May humidity    =77
| Jun humidity    =74
| Jul humidity    =72
| Aug humidity    =70
| Sep humidity    =73
| Oct humidity    =75
| Nov humidity    =78
| Dec humidity    =80
| year humidity   =
| Jan afthumidity    =76
| Feb afthumidity    =74
| Mar afthumidity    =72
| Apr afthumidity    =67
| May afthumidity    =72
| Jun afthumidity    =66
| Jul afthumidity    =62
| Aug afthumidity    =60
| Sep afthumidity    =61
| Oct afthumidity    =65
| Nov afthumidity    =71
| Dec afthumidity    =75
| year afthumidity   =
| Jan sun  =99
| Feb sun  =119
| Mar sun  =154
| Apr sun  =204
| May sun  =259
| Jun sun  =278
| Jul sun  =318
| Aug sun  =318
| Sep sun  =236
| Oct sun  =163
| Nov sun  =105
| Dec sun  =92
|source = NOAA NCEI(extremes 1991–2020)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Bulgaria/CSV/Varna_15552.csv |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Bulgaria-Varna |access-date=2 January 2024 |publisher=NOAA}}</ref>
|source 2 = Deutscher Wetterdinest(Humidity-extremes 1961-1990, afternoon humidity 1951-1980)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_155520_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Varna (Warna) / Schwarzes Meer / Bulgarien |access-date=2024-01-02 |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdinest |language=German |format=PDF}}</ref>{{efn-lg |Afternoon humidity measured at 14:00 local time}}

}}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
|-
! colspan="14" |Climate data for Varna
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
! style="border-left-width:medium" |Year
|-
!Average sea temperature °C (°F)
| style="background:#7878FF;color:#000000;" |8.0<br />(46.4)
| style="background:#6D6DFF;color:#000000;" |7.3<br />(45.1)
| style="background:#7373FF;color:#000000;" |7.7<br />(45.9)
| style="background:#9191FF;color:#000000;" |9.7<br />(49.5)
| style="background:#EDEDFF;color:#000000;" |15.8<br />(60.4)
| style="background:#FFA600;color:#000000;" |21.5<br />(70.7)
| style="background:#FF6B00;color:#000000;" |24.5<br />(76.1)
| style="background:#FF6500;color:#000000;" |24.8<br />(76.6)
| style="background:#FF8F00;color:#000000;" |22.7<br />(72.9)
| style="background:#FFEFBA;color:#000000;" |17.8<br />(64.0)
| style="background:#C5C5FF;color:#000000;" |13.2<br />(55.8)
| style="background:#9494FF;color:#000000;" |9.9<br />(49.8)
| style="background:#E4E4FF;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium" |15.2<br />(59.4)
|-
!Mean daily daylight hours
| style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;" |9.0
| style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;" |11.0
| style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;" |12.0
| style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;" |13.0
| style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;" |15.0
| style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;" |15.0
| style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;" |15.0
| style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;" |14.0
| style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;" |12.0
| style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;" |11.0
| style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;" |10.0
| style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;" |9.0
| style="background:#FFFF35;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium" |12.2
|-
!Average [[ultraviolet index]]
| style="background:#289500;color:#000000;" |1
| style="background:#289500;color:#000000;" |2
| style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;" |3
| style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;" |5
| style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;" |7
| style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;" |8
| style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;" |9
| style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;" |7
| style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;" |5
| style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;" |3
| style="background:#289500;color:#000000;" |2
| style="background:#289500;color:#000000;" |1
| style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium" |4.4
|-
! colspan="14" style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;" |Source: Weather Atlas<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/bulgaria/varna-climate |title=Varna, Bulgaria – Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170058/http://www.weather-atlas.com/en/bulgaria/varna-climate |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}{{notelist-lg}}