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===Local ground support=== Local ground support is used to prevent smaller rocks from falling from the back and ribs. Not all excavations require local ground support. *'''Welded Wire Mesh''' is a metal screen with 10 cm x 10 cm (4 inch) openings. The mesh is held to the backs and walls using friction stabiliser bolts, point anchor bolts, or resin grouted rebar. *'''[[Shotcrete]]''' is fibre-reinforced spray-on concrete which coats the back and ribs preventing smaller rocks from falling. Shotcrete thickness can be between 50 mm β 100 mm. *'''Latex Membranes''' can be sprayed on the backs and ribs similar to shotcrete, but in smaller amounts.
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