Editing Turner syndrome (section)

===Cognition===

====Neurodevelopmental====
Individuals with Turner syndrome have normal intelligence. [[Verbal IQ]] is usually higher than [[performance IQ]]; one review of thirteen studies found an average verbal IQ of 101 compared to an average performance IQ of 89.<ref name="rovet1">{{cite book |doi=10.1201/9780429305870-3 |chapter=The Cognitive and Neuropsychological Characteristics of Females with Turner Syndrome |title=Sex Chromosome Abnormalities and Human Behavior |date=2019 |last1=Rovet |first1=Joanne F. |pages=38–77 |isbn=978-0-429-30587-0 }}</ref>

People with Turner syndrome demonstrate relative strengths in verbal skills, but may exhibit weaker nonverbal skills – particularly in arithmetic, select visuospatial skills, and processing speed. They have difficulties with directional sense, visualization of three-dimensional shapes, properties of shapes, and symmetry and may have dyscalculia. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mazzocco MM | title = The cognitive phenotype of Turner syndrome: Specific learning disabilities | journal = International Congress Series | volume = 1298 | pages = 83–92 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 19750135 | pmc = 2742423 | doi = 10.1016/j.ics.2006.06.016 }}</ref> Turner syndrome does not typically cause [[intellectual disability]] or impair cognition. However, learning difficulties are common among women with Turner syndrome, particularly a specific difficulty in perceiving spatial relationships, such as [[nonverbal learning disorder]]. This may also manifest itself as a difficulty with motor control or with [[mathematics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782|title=Turner Syndrome|date=November 18, 2017|website=Mayo Clinic|access-date=October 20, 2018}}</ref> While it is not correctable, in most cases it does not cause difficulty in daily living. Most Turner syndrome patients are employed as adults and lead productive lives.

Also, a rare variety of Turner syndrome, known as "Ring-X Turner syndrome", has about a 60% association with intellectual disability{{clarify|reason=use of association is non-standard|date=April 2016}}. This variety accounts for around 2–4% of all Turner syndrome cases.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berkovitz G, Stamberg J, Plotnick LP, Lanes R | title = Turner syndrome patients with a ring X chromosome | journal = Clinical Genetics | volume = 23 | issue = 6 | pages = 447–453 | date = June 1983 | pmid = 6883789 | doi = 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1983.tb01980.x | s2cid = 13544594 }}</ref>

==== Psychological ====
Social difficulties appear to be an area of vulnerability for TS girls.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McCauley E, Feuillan P, Kushner H, Ross JL | title = Psychosocial development in adolescents with Turner syndrome | journal = Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics | volume = 22 | issue = 6 | pages = 360–365 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11773800 | doi = 10.1097/00004703-200112000-00003 | s2cid = 39749059 }}</ref> Counseling affected individuals and their families about the need to carefully develop social skills and relationships may prove useful in advancing social adaptation. Women with Turner syndrome may experience adverse psychosocial outcomes which can be improved through early intervention and the provision of appropriate psychological and psychiatric care. Although Turner syndrome constitutes a chronic medical condition, with possible physical, social, and psychological complications in a woman's life, hormonal and estrogen replacement therapy, and assisted reproduction, are treatments that can be helpful for Turner syndrome patients and improve their quality of life.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Christopoulos P, Deligeoroglou E, Laggari V, Christogiorgos S, Creatsas G | title = Psychological and behavioural aspects of patients with Turner syndrome from childhood to adulthood: a review of the clinical literature | journal = Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–51 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 17852655 | doi = 10.1080/01674820701577078 | s2cid = 8149629 }}</ref> Research shows a possible association between age at diagnosis and increased substance use and depressive symptoms.<ref name="pmid29753544">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reimann GE, Bernad Perman MM, Ho PS, Parks RA, Comis LE | title = Psychosocial Characteristics of Women with a Delayed Diagnosis of Turner Syndrome | journal = The Journal of Pediatrics | volume = 199 | pages = 206–211 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 29753544 | pmc = 6063780 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.03.058 }}</ref> <!-- This article has a delayed release (embargo) and will be available in PMC on August 1, 2019-->