Editing Tulane University (section)

==Organization and administration==
Tulane University, as a private institution, has been governed since 1884 by the Board of Tulane (also known as the Board of Administrators of the Tulane Educational Fund) that was established in 1882.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tulane.edu/about/history.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017112729/http://tulane.edu/about/history.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 17, 2007 |title=Tulane University History |publisher=Tulane.edu |date=July 8, 2010 |access-date=April 11, 2012 }}</ref> There have been 15 [[President of Tulane|presidents of Tulane]] since then. The board comprises more than 30 regular members (plus several members emeriti) and the university president. In 2008, Tulane became one of 76 U.S. colleges and the only Louisiana college to maintain an endowment above $1 billion.<ref>[http://tulane.edu/news/newwave/100208_homecoming.cfm Coming Home to Celebrate Tulane's 'Pivotal Moment'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183747/http://tulane.edu/news/newwave/100208_homecoming.cfm |date=March 3, 2016 }}, tulane.edu, October 8, 2008</ref>

[[File:Richardson Memorial, Tulane University.jpg|alt=|thumb|Richardson Memorial Hall, constructed 1908, home of the [[Tulane School of Architecture]].]]
Tulane is organized into 10 schools centered around liberal arts, sciences, and specialized professions. All undergraduate students are enrolled in the [[Tulane University Newcomb-Tulane College|Newcomb-Tulane College]]. The graduate programs are governed by the individual schools. Newcomb-Tulane College serves as an administrative center for all aspects of undergraduate life at Tulane, while individual schools direct specific courses of study.

The first architecture courses at Tulane leading to an [[architectural engineering]] degree were offered in 1894. After beginning as part of the College of Technology, the [[Tulane School of Architecture]] was separately formed as a school in 1953. 

The [[Freeman School of Business|A.B. Freeman School of Business]] was named in honor of Alfred Bird Freeman, former chair of the Louisiana Coca-Cola Bottling Co. and a prominent New Orleans philanthropist and civic leader. The business school is ranked 44th nationally and 28th among programs at private universities by ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine. ''U.S. News & World Report'''s Best Graduate Schools 2015 edition ranked the MBA program 63rd overall.<ref name="USNWR">{{cite magazine |url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/tulane-university-of-louisiana-160755/overall-rankings |title=''U.S. News'' Best College Rankings 2016 |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=April 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317195051/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/tulane-university-of-louisiana-160755/overall-rankings |archive-date=March 17, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> 
[[File:TulaneU4Nov08JonesHall.jpg|thumb|Jones Hall, where the [[Tulane University Law School|School of Law]] was located from 1969 until 1995. It now acts as a Special Collections library and houses Classical Studies, Jewish Studies, and Stone Center for Latin American Studies.]] [[File:Tulane Freeman School of Business.jpg|thumb|The A.B. Freeman School of Business]]

The [[Tulane University Law School]], established in 1847, is the 12th oldest law school in the United States. In 1990, it became the first law school in the United States to mandate pro bono work as a graduation requirement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.tulane.edu/tlsStudentLife/index.aspx?id=728 |title=Tulane University School of Law – Student Life |publisher=Law.tulane.edu |access-date=April 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419213745/http://www.law.tulane.edu/tlsStudentLife/index.aspx?id=728 |archive-date=April 19, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''U.S. News & World Report''{{'}}s 2015 edition ranked the School of Law 46th overall and 6th in environmental law,<ref name="USNWR" /> while the 2022 edition ranked the School of Law 60th overall.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tulane University |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/tulane-university-of-louisiana-03068 |website=U.S. News & World Report – Best Law Schools |access-date= April 28, 2021}}</ref> "The Law School 100" ranks Tulane as 34th, relying on a qualitative (rather than quantitative) assessment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lawschool100.com/ |title=Ranking the Best Law Schools in the United States |publisher=Law School 100 |access-date=September 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923161527/http://www.lawschool100.com/ |archive-date=September 23, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2010 [[Law school rankings in the United States#Leiter Rankings|Leiter law-school rankings]] put Tulane at 38th, based on student quality, using LSAT and GPA data.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leiterrankings.com/new/2010_top40lawschools.shtml |title=Brian Leiter Law School Faculty Moves, 1995–2004 |publisher=Leiterrankings.com |date=June 1, 2010 |access-date=September 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915065302/http://www.leiterrankings.com/new/2010_top40lawschools.shtml |archive-date=September 15, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Law school rankings#Hylton Rankings|Hylton law-school rankings]], conducted in 2006, put Tulane at 39th.<ref>[http://www.elsblog.org/the_empirical_legal_studi/files/the_us_news_and_world_report_rankings_without_the_clutter.pdf "THE US NEWS AND WORLD REPORT RANKINGS WITHOUT THE CLUTTER"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619140738/http://www.elsblog.org/the_empirical_legal_studi/files/the_us_news_and_world_report_rankings_without_the_clutter.pdf |date=June 19, 2010 }} By J. Gordon Hylton, Marquette University</ref> The school's [[admiralty law|maritime law]] program is widely considered to be the best in the United States, with the ''[[Tulane Maritime Law Journal]]'' being the paramount admiralty law journal of the country. In May 2007, Tulane Law announced a Strategic Plan to increase student selectivity by gradually reducing the incoming JD class size from a historical average of 350 students per year to a target of 250 students per year within several years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.tulane.edu/uploadedFiles/Strategic%20Plan%20May%202007.pdf |title=Strategic Plan |access-date=September 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720045805/http://www.law.tulane.edu/uploadedFiles/Strategic%20Plan%20May%202007.pdf |archive-date=July 20, 2011 }}</ref>

The [[Tulane University School of Liberal Arts|School of Liberal Arts]] encompasses 16 departments and 19 interdisciplinary programs in the social sciences, humanities, and fine and performing arts—including 50 undergraduate majors and two dozen M.A., M.F.A., and Ph.D. programs—plus the Shakespeare Festival, Summer Lyric Theatre, Carroll Gallery, Tulane Marching Band, and the Middle America Research Institute. The School of Liberal Arts is the largest of Tulane's nine schools with the greatest number of enrolled students, faculty members, majors, minors, and graduate programs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History & Facts, School of Liberal Arts at Tulane University|url=https://liberalarts.tulane.edu/about-sla/history-facts|access-date=July 26, 2021|website=School of Liberal Arts at Tulane University|language=en}}</ref>[[File:Tulane School of Medicine.JPG|thumb|The School of Medicine, located in Downtown New Orleans]]

The [[Tulane University School of Medicine]] was founded in 1834 and is the 15th oldest medical school in the United States. Faculty have been noted for innovation. For example, in 1850 [[J. Lawrence Smith (chemist)|J. Lawrence Smith]] invented the [[inverted microscope]].<ref name="JLSmith">{{cite journal|author=Smith JL|title=The inverted microscope-a new form of microscope|journal=Am J Sci Arts|volume=14|pages=233–241 |year=1852}}</ref> In the following year [[John Leonard Riddell]] invented the first practical [[microscope]] to allow binocular viewing through a single objective lens.<ref name="JLRiddell">{{cite journal|author=Riddell JL|title=On the binocular microscope|journal=Q J Microsc Sci|volume=2|pages=18–24|year=1854}}</ref> In 2001 the Tulane Center for [[Gene therapy|Gene Therapy]] started as the first major center in the U.S. to focus on research using [[adult stem cell]]s. The school has highly selective admissions, accepting only 175 medical students from more than 10,000 applications.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} It comprises 20 academic departments.

The [[Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine]] is the first public health school established in the U.S.<ref>{{cite book|last=Darnell|first=Regna|title=Histories of Anthropology Annual|url=https://archive.org/details/historiesanthrop00darn_462|url-access=limited|year=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/historiesanthrop00darn_462/page/n46 36]|isbn=978-0-8032-6664-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dyer|first=John Percy|title=Tulane: The Biography of a University, 1834-1965 |year=1966|publisher=Harper & Row|page=136}}</ref> Although a program in hygiene was initiated in 1881, the School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine was not established until 1912 as a separate entity from the College of Medicine. In 1919 the separate school ceased to be an independent unit and was merged with the College of Medicine. By 1967 the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine reestablished as a separate academic unit of Tulane. In the fall of 2006, the School of Public Health began admitting undergraduate students.

The [[Tulane University School of Science and Engineering]] was established in 2005.

In 1914 the Southern School of Social Sciences and Public Services was the first training program for social workers in the [[Deep South]]. By 1927 the school became a separate program with a two-year Master of Arts. The [[Tulane University School of Social Work]] has awarded the master of social work degrees to more than 4,700 students from all 50 of the United States and more than 30 other countries.

Tulane offers [[continuing education]] courses and associate's and bachelor's degrees through the [[Tulane School of Professional Advancement]]. Tulane has several academic and research institutes and centers including [[The Murphy Institute]], Newcomb College Center for Research on Women, The Roger Thayer Stone Center for Latin American Studies, the Middle American Research Institute, and the law school's [[Payson Center for International Development]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tulane.edu/academics/centers.cfm |title=Tulane University – Centers & Institutes |publisher=Tulane.edu |date=July 8, 2010 |access-date=September 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903141614/http://tulane.edu/academics/centers.cfm |archive-date=September 3, 2011 }}</ref>