Editing Trojan War (section)

===Second gathering===

[[File:Troas.png|thumb|upright=1.4|left|A map of the [[Troäd]] (Troas) in modern-day Turkey]]

Eight years after the storm had scattered them,<ref>Apollodorus, ''Epitome'' 3.19.</ref> the fleet of more than a thousand ships was gathered again. When they had all reached Aulis, the winds ceased. The prophet Calchas stated that the goddess [[Artemis]] was punishing Agamemnon for killing either a sacred deer or a deer in a sacred grove, and boasting that he was a better hunter than she.<ref name=PC1/> The only way to appease Artemis, he said, was to sacrifice [[Iphigenia]], who was either the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra,<ref>Philodemus, ''On Piety''.</ref> or of Helen and [[Theseus]] entrusted to Clytemnestra when Helen married Menelaus.<ref>Antoninus Liberalis, ''Metamorphoses'' 27.</ref>

Agamemnon refused, and the other commanders threatened to make Palamedes commander of the expedition.<ref>Ptolemy Hephaestion, ''New History'' 5 (as summarized in Photius, ''Myriobiblon'' 190).</ref> According to some versions, Agamemnon relented and performed the sacrifice, but others claim that he sacrificed a deer in her place, or that at the last moment, Artemis took pity on the girl, and took her to be a maiden in one of her temples, substituting a lamb.<ref name=PC1/> [[Hesiod]] says that Iphigenia became the goddess [[Hecate]].<ref>Pausanias, 1.43.1.</ref>

The Achaean forces are described in detail in the [[Catalogue of Ships]], in the second book of the ''Iliad''. They consisted of 28 contingents from mainland Greece, the [[Peloponnese]], the [[Dodecanese]] islands, Crete, and Ithaca, comprising [[Catalogue of Ships#Catalogue|1186]] [[pentekonter]]s, ships with 50 rowers. Thucydides says<ref>''History of the Pelloponesian War'' 1,10.</ref> that according to tradition there were about 1200 ships, and that the [[Boeotia]]n ships had 120 men, while [[Philoctetes]]' ships only had the fifty rowers, these probably being maximum and minimum. These numbers would mean a total force of 70,000 to 130,000 men. Another catalogue of ships is given by the ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'' that differs somewhat but agrees in numbers. Some scholars have claimed that Homer's catalogue is an original Bronze Age document, possibly the Achaean commander's order of operations.<ref>Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους (History of the Greek Nation) vol. A, Ekdotiki Athinon, Athens 1968.</ref><ref name="Karykas">Pantelis Karykas, {{lang|el|Μυκηναίοι Πολεμιστές}} [''Mycenian Warriors''], Athens 1999.</ref><ref name=Konstas>P. E. Konstas, {{lang|el|Η ναυτική ηγεμονία των Μυκηνών}} [''The naval hegemony of Mycenae''], Athens 1966</ref> Others believe it was a fabrication of Homer.

The second book of the ''Iliad'' also lists the [[Trojan Battle Order|Trojan allies]], consisting of the Trojans themselves, led by Hector, and various allies listed as [[Dardanus (city)|Dardanians]] led by Aeneas, [[Zeleia]]ns, [[Adrasteia]]ns, [[Percote|Percotians]], [[Pelasgians]], [[Thrace|Thracians]], [[Ciconian]] spearmen, [[Paionia]]n archers, [[Halizones]], Mysians, [[Phrygians]], [[Maeonia]]ns, [[Miletus|Miletians]], [[Lycia]]ns led by [[Sarpedon (Trojan War hero)|Sarpedon]] and [[Carians]]. Nothing is said of the [[Trojan language]]; the Carians are specifically said to be [[Carian language|barbarian-speaking]], and the allied contingents are said to have spoken many languages, requiring orders to be translated by their individual commanders.<ref>Homer, ''Iliad'' Β.803–806.</ref> The Trojans and Achaeans in the ''Iliad'' share the same religion, same culture and the enemy heroes speak to each other in the same language, though this could be dramatic effect.