Editing Triboelectric effect (section)

== Examples ==
=== Friction and adhesion from tribocharging ===
[[Friction]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Popova |first1=Elena |last2=Popov |first2=Valentin L. |date=2015 |title=The research works of Coulomb and Amontons and generalized laws of friction |journal=Friction |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–190 |doi=10.1007/s40544-015-0074-6 |s2cid=256405946 |issn=2223-7704|doi-access=free }}</ref> is a retarding force due to different [[Friction#The origin of friction|energy dissipation]] process such as elastic and plastic deformation, phonon and electron excitation, and also [[Tribology#The cohesion theory|adhesion]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stachowiak |first1=Gwidon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ8p0x2S1dwC |title=Engineering Tribology |last2=Batchelor |first2=Andrew W. |date=2011 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-053103-8 |language=en}}</ref>  As an example, in a car or any other vehicle the wheels elastically deform as they roll. Part of the energy needed for this deformation is recovered ([[Elastic Deformation|elastic deformation]]), some is not and goes into heating the tires. The energy which is not recovered contributes to the back force, a process called [[rolling friction]].

Similar to rolling friction there are energy terms in charge transfer, which contribute to friction. In [[static friction]] there is coupling between elastic strains, polarization and surface charge which contributes to the frictional force.<ref name=":29" /> In sliding friction,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Persson |first=Bo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jb-nZMnRGYC&q=kinetic+friction |title=Sliding Friction: Physical Principles and Applications |date=2000 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-67192-3 |language=en}}</ref> when asperities contact<ref name=":18" /> and there is charge transfer, some of the charge returns as the contacts are released, some does not<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ko |first1=Hyunseok |last2=Lim |first2=Yeong-won |last3=Han |first3=Seungwu |last4=Jeong |first4=Chang Kyu |last5=Cho |first5=Sung Beom |date=2021 |title=Triboelectrification: Backflow and Stuck Charges Are Key |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01019 |journal=ACS Energy Letters |language=en |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=2792–2799 |doi=10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01019 |s2cid=237720731 |issn=2380-8195}}</ref> and will contribute to the macroscopically observed friction. There is evidence for a retarding [[Coulomb Force|Coulomb force]] between asperities of different charges,<ref name="Burgo1">{{Cite journal |last1=Burgo |first1=Thiago A. L. |last2=Silva |first2=Cristiane A. |last3=Balestrin |first3=Lia B. S. |last4=Galembeck |first4=Fernando |date=2013 |title=Friction coefficient dependence on electrostatic tribocharging |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=2384 |doi=10.1038/srep02384 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=3740278 |pmid=23934227|bibcode=2013NatSR...3E2384B }}</ref> and an increase in the adhesion from contact electrification when geckos walk on water.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Izadi |first1=Hadi |last2=Stewart |first2=Katherine M. E. |last3=Penlidis |first3=Alexander |date=2014 |title=Role of contact electrification and electrostatic interactions in gecko adhesion |journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface |language=en |volume=11 |issue=98 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2014.0371 |issn=1742-5689 |pmc=4233685 |pmid=25008078}}</ref> There is also evidence of connections between jerky (stick–slip) processes during sliding with charge transfer,<ref name=":12" /> electrical discharge<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schnurmann |first1=Robert |last2=Warlow-Davies |first2=Eric |date=1942 |title=The electrostatic component of the force of sliding friction |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0959-5309/54/1/303 |journal=Proceedings of the Physical Society |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=14–27 |doi=10.1088/0959-5309/54/1/303 |bibcode=1942PPS....54...14S |issn=0959-5309}}</ref> and x-ray emission.<ref name="Putterman08" /> How large the triboelectric contribution is to friction has been debated. It has been suggested by some<ref name="Burgo1" /> that it may dominate for polymers, whereas Harper<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harper |first=W. R. |date=1955 |title=Adhesion and charging of quartz surfaces |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.1955.0182 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences |language=en |volume=231 |issue=1186 |pages=388–403 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1955.0182 |bibcode=1955RSPSA.231..388H |s2cid=137276822 |issn=0080-4630}}</ref>  has argued that it is small.

=== Liquids and gases ===
[[File:Tribocharge generated from a sliding drop.tif|thumb|Illustration of tribocharge generated from a sliding drop]]
The generation of static electricity from the relative motion of liquids or gases is well established, with one of the first analyses in 1886 by [[Lord Kelvin]] in his [[Kelvin water dropper|water dropper]] which used falling drops to create an electric generator.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomson |first=W. |date=1868 |title=XVI. On a self-acting apparatus for multiplying and maintaining electric charges, with applications to illustrate the voltaic theory |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume=16 |pages=67–72 |doi=10.1098/rspl.1867.0019 |s2cid=110760051 |issn=0370-1662|doi-access=free }}</ref> Liquid mercury is a special case as it typically acts as a simple metal, so has been used as a reference electrode.<ref name=":34">{{Cite journal |last=Freund |first=Thomas |date=1979 |title=Tribo-electricity |url= https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0001868679800032 |journal=Advances in Colloid and Interface Science |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=43–66 |doi=10.1016/0001-8686(79)80003-2}}</ref> More common is water, and electricity due to water droplets hitting surfaces has been documented since the discovery by [[Philipp Lenard]] in 1892 of the ''spray electrification'' or ''waterfall effect''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lenard |first=Philipp |date=1892 |title=Ueber die Electricität der Wasserfälle |journal=Annalen der Physik und Chemie |volume=282 |issue=8 |pages=584–636 |doi=10.1002/andp.18922820805 |bibcode=1892AnP...282..584L |issn=0003-3804|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1587780 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Loeb |first=Leonard B. |url= http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-88243-2 |title=Static Electrification |date=1958 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-88245-6 |location=Berlin / Heidelberg |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-88243-2}}</ref> This is when falling water generates static electricity either by collisions between water drops or with the ground, leading to the finer mist in updrafts being mainly negatively charged, with positive near the lower surface. It can also occur for sliding drops.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Helseth |first1=L. E. |last2=Wen |first2=H Z |date=2017 |title=Visualisation of charge dynamics when water droplets move off a hydrophobic surface |url= https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6404/aa82f7 |journal=European Journal of Physics |volume=38 |issue=5 |page=055804 |doi=10.1088/1361-6404/aa82f7 |bibcode=2017EJPh...38e5804H |s2cid=125757544 |issn=0143-0807}}</ref>

Another type of charge can be produced during rapid solidification of water containing ions, which is called the ''Workman–Reynolds effect''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gross |first=Gerardo Wolfgang |date=1965 |title=The Workman–Reynolds effect and ionic transfer processes at the ice-solution interface |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=70 |issue=10 |pages=2291–2300 |doi=10.1029/jz070i010p02291 |bibcode=1965JGR....70.2291G |issn=0148-0227}}</ref> During the solidification the positive and negative ions may not be equally distributed between the liquid and solid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aziz |first=M. J. |date=1982 |title=Model for solute redistribution during rapid solidification |url= https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/53/2/1158/11000/Model-for-solute-redistribution-during-rapid |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=1158–1168 |doi=10.1063/1.329867 |bibcode=1982JAP....53.1158A |issn=0021-8979}}</ref> For instance, in thunderstorms this can contribute (together with the waterfall effect) to separation of positive hydrogen ions and negative hydroxide ions, leading to static charge and [[Lightning#Electrification|lightning]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Illingworth |first=A. J. |date=1985 |title=Charge separation in thunderstorms: Small scale processes |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JD090iD04p06026 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |language=en |volume=90 |issue=D4 |page=6026 |doi=10.1029/JD090iD04p06026 |bibcode=1985JGR....90.6026I |issn=0148-0227}}</ref>

A third class is associated with contact potential differences between liquids or gases and other materials, similar to the work function differences for solids. It has been suggested that a triboelectric series for liquids is useful.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yoo |first1=Donghyeon |last2=Jang |first2=Sunmin |last3=Cho |first3=Sumin |last4=Choi |first4=Dongwhi |last5=Kim |first5=Dong Sung |date=2023 |title=A Liquid Triboelectric Series |journal=Advanced Materials |volume=35 |issue=26 |pages=e2300699 |doi=10.1002/adma.202300699 |pmid=36947827 |bibcode=2023AdM....3500699Y |s2cid=257695984 |issn=0935-9648|doi-access=free }}</ref> One difference from solids is that often liquids have charged [[Double layer (surface science)|double layers]], and most of the work to date supports that ion transfer (rather than electron) dominates for liquids<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=William S. Y. |last2=Bista |first2=Pravash |last3=Li |first3=Xiaomei |last4=Veith |first4=Lothar |last5=Sharifi-Aghili |first5=Azadeh |last6=Weber |first6=Stefan A. L. |last7=Butt |first7=Hans-Jürgen |date=2022 |title=Tuning the Charge of Sliding Water Drops |journal=Langmuir |volume=38 |issue=19 |pages=6224–6230 |doi=10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00941 |issn=0743-7463 |pmc=9118544 |pmid=35500291}}</ref> as first suggested by [[Irving Langmuir]] in 1938.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Langmuir |first=Irving |date=1938 |title=Surface Electrification Due to the Recession of Aqueous Solutions from Hydrophobic Surfaces |url= https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01272a054 |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=1190–1194 |doi=10.1021/ja01272a054 |issn=0002-7863}}</ref>

Finally, with liquids there can be flow-rate gradients at interfaces, and also viscosity gradients. These can produce electric fields and also polarization of the liquid, a field called [[electrohydrodynamics]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Papageorgiou |first=Demetrios T. |date=2019 |title=Film Flows in the Presence of Electric Fields |journal=Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=155–187 |doi=10.1146/annurev-fluid-122316-044531 |bibcode=2019AnRFM..51..155P |s2cid=125898175 |issn=0066-4189|doi-access=free }}</ref> These are analogous to the electromechanical terms for solids where electric fields can occur due to elastic strains as described [[#Electromechanical contributions|earlier]].

=== Powders ===
During commercial powder processing<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Castellanos |first=A. |date=2005 |title=The relationship between attractive interparticle forces and bulk behaviour in dry and uncharged fine powders |journal=Advances in Physics |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=263–376 |doi=10.1080/17461390500402657 |bibcode=2005AdPhy..54..263C |s2cid=122683411 |issn=0001-8732}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grosshans |first1=Holger |last2=Jantač |first2=Simon |date=2023 |title=Recent progress in CFD modeling of powder flow charging during pneumatic conveying |url= https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1385894722063987 |journal=Chemical Engineering Journal |volume=455 |page=140918 |doi=10.1016/j.cej.2022.140918|arxiv=2212.04915 |bibcode=2023ChEnJ.45540918G |s2cid=254535685 }}</ref> or in natural processes such as dust storms,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rudge |first=W. A. Douglas |date=1912 |title=LXXXI. A note on the electrification of the atmosphere and surface of the earth |url= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14786440508637281 |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |volume=23 |issue=137 |pages=852–855 |doi=10.1080/14786440508637281 |issn=1941-5982}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kunkel |first=W. B. |date=1950 |title=The Static Electrification of Dust Particles on Dispersion into a Cloud |url= https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article/21/8/820-832/508449 |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=820–832 |doi=10.1063/1.1699765 |bibcode=1950JAP....21..820K |issn=0021-8979}}</ref><ref name=":24" /> triboelectric charge transfer can occur. There can be electric fields of up to 160kV/m with moderate wind conditions, which leads to Coulomb forces of about the same magnitude as gravity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=D. S. |last2=Schmidt |first2=R. A. |last3=Dent |first3=J. D. |date=1998 |title=Electrostatic force on saltating sand |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=103 |issue=D8 |pages=8997–9001 |doi=10.1029/98jd00278 |bibcode=1998JGR...103.8997S |issn=0148-0227|doi-access=free }}</ref> There does not need to be air present, significant charging can occur, for instance, on airless planetary bodies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=X. |last2=Schwan |first2=J. |last3=Hsu |first3=H.-W. |last4=Grün |first4=E. |last5=Horányi |first5=M. |date=2016 |title=Dust charging and transport on airless planetary bodies: Electrostatic Dust Transport |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=43 |issue=12 |pages=6103–6110 |doi=10.1002/2016GL069491|s2cid=132181033 |doi-access=free }}</ref> With pharmaceutic powders and other commercial powders the tribocharging needs to be controlled for quality control of the materials and doses. Static discharge is also a particular hazard in [[grain elevator]]s owing to the danger of a [[dust explosion]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glor |first=Martin |date=2009 |title=Ignition source static electricity: Incident investigation |journal=Journal of Electrostatics |volume=67 |issue=2–3 |pages=242–246 |doi=10.1016/j.elstat.2009.01.016 |issn=0304-3886}}</ref> in places that store explosive powders,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lotfzadeh |first1=Habibeh |last2=Khorasanloo |first2=Fatemeh Hemmati |last3=Fathollahi |first3=Manoochehr |date=2020 |title=Reduction of electrostatic charging PETN and HMX explosives by PVP and ionic liquid |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304388620300978 |journal=Journal of Electrostatics |volume=108 |page=103513 |doi=10.1016/j.elstat.2020.103513 |s2cid=224879902 |issn=0304-3886}}</ref> and in many other cases.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sandu |first1=Ioana |url= https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/News-and-Research/Fire-statistics-and-reports/Electrical/RFStaticElectricityIncidentReview.pdf |title=Static Electricity Incident Review |last2=Resticcia |first2=Francesco |publisher=Fire Protection Research Foundation |date=2021 |location=Quincy, Massachusetts}}</ref> Triboelectric powder separation has been discussed as a method of separating powders, for instance different biopolymers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Żenkiewicz |first1=Marian |last2=Żuk |first2=Tomasz |last3=Markiewicz |first3=Ewa |date=2015 |title=Triboelectric series and electrostatic separation of some biopolymers |journal=Polymer Testing |volume=42 |pages=192–198 |doi=10.1016/j.polymertesting.2015.01.009 |issn=0142-9418}}</ref> The principle here is that different degrees of charging can be exploited for electrostatic separation, a general concept for powders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=El-Mouloud Zelmat |first1=Mohamed |last2=Rizouga |first2=Mohamed |last3=Tilmatine |first3=Amar |last4=Medles |first4=Karim |last5=Miloudi |first5=Mohamed |last6=Dascalescu |first6=Lucien |date=2013 |title=Experimental Comparative Study of Different Tribocharging Devices for Triboelectric Separation of Insulating Particles |url= https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6477116 |journal=IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=1113–1118 |doi=10.1109/tia.2013.2251991 |s2cid=16419622 |issn=0093-9994}}</ref>

=== In industry ===
[[File:Danger_static_electricity.png|thumb|Static electricity hazard sign (ISO 7010)]]
There are many areas in industry where triboelectricity is known to be an issue. some examples are:

* Non-conducting pipes carrying combustible liquids or fuels such as petrol can result in tribocharge accumulation on the walls of the pipes, which can lead to potentials as large as 90 kV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Static Electricity Basics {{!}} OPW Retail Fueling EMEA |url= https://www.opwglobal.com/emea/resources/retail-fueling/static-electricity-prevention/static-electricity-basics |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=www.opwglobal.com}}</ref> Pneumatic transport systems in industry can lead to fires due to the tribocharge generated during use.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pratt |first=Thomas H. |date=1994 |title=Static electricity in pneumatic transport systems: Three case histories |url= https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/prs.680130302 |journal=Process Safety Progress |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=109–113 |doi=10.1002/prs.680130302 |s2cid=109719864 |issn=1066-8527}}</ref>
* On ships, contact between cargo and pipelines during loading and unloading, as well as flow in steam pipes and water jets in cleaning machines can lead to dangerous charging.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elidolu |first1=Gizem |last2=Akyuz |first2=Emre |last3=Arslan |first3=Ozcan |last4=Arslanoğlu |first4=Yasin |date=2022 |title=Quantitative failure analysis for static electricity-related explosion and fire accidents on tanker vessels under fuzzy bow-tie CREAM approach |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350630721007780 |journal=Engineering Failure Analysis |volume=131 |page=105917 |doi=10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105917 |s2cid=244408454 |issn=1350-6307}}</ref> Courses exist to teach mariners the dangers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Static Electricity Onboard {{!}} Seably |url=https://www.seably.com/courses/static-electricity-onboard |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.seably.com |language=en}}</ref>
* US authorities require nearly all industrial facilities to measure particulate dust emissions. Various sensors based on triboelectricity are used, and in 1997 the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] issued guidelines for triboelectric fabric-filter bag leak-detection systems.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Midwest Research Institute |url= https://www3.epa.gov/ttnemc01/cem/tribo.pdf |title=Fabric Filter Bag Leak Detection Guidance |publisher=Office Of Air Quality, Environmental Protection Planning And Standards |date=1997}}</ref> Commercial sensors are available for triboelectric dust detection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parker |first=Earl |title=Triboelectric Dust Detection Vs Opacity Meters – Big Difference? |url= https://www.auburnsys.com/blog/triboelectric-dust-detection-vs.-opacity-meters-is-there-a-difference |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=www.auburnsys.com}}</ref>
* Wiping a rail near a chemical tank while it is being filled with a flammable chemical can lead to sparks which ignite the chemical. This was the cause of a 2017 explosion that killed one and injured many.<ref>{{Citation |title=WATCH: Dramatic Video Shows Deadly Explosion Inside New Windsor Cosmetics Plant |date=29 November 2017 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/cosmetics-plant-explosion-video/ |access-date=14 August 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Other examples ===
[[File:Winglet_Airbus_A319-132.jpg|thumb|Static wicks on a Winglet Airbus A319-132]]
While the simple case of stroking a cat is familiar to many, there are other areas in modern technological civilization where triboelectricity is exploited or is a concern: 
* Air moving past an aircraft can lead to a buildup of charge called "precipitation static" or "P-static"; aircraft typically have one or more [[static wick]]s to remove it.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pettit |first1=Duane |last2=Turnbull |first2=Andrew |last3=Roelant |first3=Henk A. |date=2001-02-01 |title=General Aviation Aircraft Reliability Study |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20010027423 |journal=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |language=en}}</ref> Checking the status of these is a standard task for pilots.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tallman |first=Jill |date=11 January 2019 |title=How It Works: Static Wick |url= https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2019/november/flight-training-magazine/how-it-works-static-wick#:~:text=Static%20wick&text=Friction%20generated%20as%20an%20aircraft,with%20navigation%20and%20communication%20radios. |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=www.aopa.org}}</ref> Similarly, helicopter blades move fast, and tribocharging can generate voltages up to 200 kV.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siebert |first=Jame M. |date=1 June 1962 |title=Helicopter Static-Electricity Measurements |url= https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD0282087 |journal=Defence Technical Information Center |via=Army Transportation Research Command, Fort Eustis, VA}}</ref>
* During planetary formation, a key step is aggregation of dust or smaller particles.<ref name=":36" /> There is evidence that triboelectric charging during collisions of granular material plays a key role in overcoming barriers to aggregation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Steinpilz |first1=Tobias |last2=Joeris |first2=Kolja |last3=Jungmann |first3=Felix |last4=Wolf |first4=Dietrich |last5=Brendel |first5=Lothar |last6=Teiser |first6=Jens |last7=Shinbrot |first7=Troy |last8=Wurm |first8=Gerhard |date=2020 |title=Electrical charging overcomes the bouncing barrier in planet formation |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-019-0728-9 |journal=Nature Physics |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=225–229 |doi=10.1038/s41567-019-0728-9 |bibcode=2020NatPh..16..225S |s2cid=256713457 |issn=1745-2473}}</ref>
* Single-use medical protective clothing must fulfill certain triboelectric charging regulations in China.<ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Zheng |editor-first=Wayne |title=National Standard of the People's Republic of China |url=https://www.chinesestandard.net/PDF.aspx/GB19082-2009 |access-date=17 July 2023 |website=www.chinesestandard.net}}</ref>
* Space vehicles can accumulate significant tribocharge which can interfere with communications such as the sending of self-destruct signals. Some launches have been delayed by weather conditions where tribocharging could occur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shiga |first=David |date=27 October 2009 |title=Static electricity worry halts NASA rocket test flight |url= https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18053-static-electricity-worry-halts-nasa-rocket-test-flight/ |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=New Scientist}}</ref>
* Triboelectric [[nanogenerator]]s are [[energy harvesting]] devices which convert mechanical energy into electricity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Tinghai |last2=Shao |first2=Jiajia |last3=Wang |first3=Zhong Lin |date=2023 |title=Triboelectric nanogenerators |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43586-023-00220-3 |journal=Nature Reviews Methods Primers |volume=3 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s43586-023-00220-3 |s2cid=258745825 |issn=2662-8449}}</ref>
* Triboelectric noise within medical cable assemblies and lead wires is generated when the conductors, insulation, and fillers rub against each other as the cables are flexed during movement. Keeping triboelectric noise at acceptable levels requires careful material selection, design, and processing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://experience.molex.com/triboelectric-noise-in-medical-cables-and-wires/ |title=Triboelectric Noise in Medical Cables and Wires|last=Molex |date=29 August 2014}}</ref> It is also an issue with underwater electroacoustic transducers if there are flexing motions of the cables; the mechanism is believed to involve relative motion between a dielectric and a conductor in the cable.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=John E. |date=1970 |title=Triboelectric Noise Generation in Some Cables Commonly Used with Underwater Electroacoustic Transducers |journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |volume=48 |issue=3B |pages=714–724 |doi=10.1121/1.1912194 |bibcode=1970ASAJ...48..714D |issn=0001-4966}}</ref>
[[File:Antistatremmar.jpg|thumb|Antistatic belts on a car in Russia in 2014]]
* Vehicle tires are normally dark because carbon black is added to help conduct away tribocharge that can shock passengers when they exit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ralph |first=Vartabedian |date=29 July 1994 |title=The Goods: Shocking News About Seats, Tires |url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-07-29-ls-21275-story.html |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> There are also discharging straps than can be purchased.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Halfords Anti Static Strip {{!}} Halfords UK |url=https://www.halfords.com/motoring/car-accessories/interior-car-accessories/halfords-anti-static-strip-265584.html |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=www.halfords.com |language=en}}</ref>