Editing Tourism (section)

=Tourism, Empire and "Othering"= 
 
[[File:Jean-Léon Gérôme - Le charmeur de serpents.jpg|thumb|alt=Le charmeur de serpents by Jean-Léon Gérôme|Le charmeur de serpents by Jean-Léon Gérôme (c. 1879). ]]
[[File:Gaspard de Toursky (غاسبار دي تورسكي), La Toilette au Harem, huile sur toile (211x 152cm), XX siècle.jpg|thumb|alt=La Toilette au Harem by Gaspard de Toursky|La Toilette au Harem by Gaspard de Toursky, 20th century.]]
Although tourism is more often associated with cultural appreciation and leisure, it is also directly connected with power dynamics, cultural representations, and conflicts.<ref>{{cite journal
 | last        = Hunter
 | first       = F. Robert
 | title       = Tourism and Empire: The Thomas Cook & Son Enterprise on the Nile, 1868–1914
 | journal     = Middle Eastern Studies
 | volume      = 40
 | issue       = 5
 | page       = 28
 | year        = 2004
 | doi         = 10.1080/0026320042000265666
}}
 </ref>  As a matter of fact, tourism developed alongside violent colonial domination in many regions of the world.<ref>{{cite journal
 |last1=Baranowski
 |first1=Shelley
 |last2=Endy
 |first2=Christopher
 |last3=Hazbun
 |first3=Waleed
 |last4=Hom
 |first4=Stephanie M.
 |last5=Pirie
 |first5=Gordon
 |last6=Simmons
 |first6=Tony
 |last7=Zuelow
 |first7=Eric G. E.
 |title=Tourism and Empire
 |journal=Journal of Tourism History
 |volume=7
 |issue=1–2
 |page=101
 |year=2015
 |doi=10.1080/1755182X.2015.1063709
 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2015.1063709
}}</ref>
Colonial authorities often developed transportation infrastructure that facilitated the growth of tourism, while simultaneously promoting racialized and demeaning representations of native populations. <ref>{{cite journal
 | last        = Hunter
 | first       = F. Robert
 | title       = Tourism and Empire: The Thomas Cook & Son Enterprise on the Nile, 1868–1914
 | journal     = Middle Eastern Studies
 | volume      = 40
 | issue       = 5
 | pages       = 28-29
 | year        = 2004
 | doi         = 10.1080/0026320042000265666
}}
 </ref>. 

The violence of the colonial powers was justified by labelling European culture as superior and civilized, while labeling others as inferior, uncivilized and in-need of domestication.<ref>{{cite journal
 | last        = Hunter
 | first       = F. Robert
 | title       = Tourism and Empire: The Thomas Cook & Son Enterprise on the Nile, 1868–1914
 | journal     = Middle Eastern Studies
 | volume      = 40
 | issue       = 5
 | page       = 29
 | year        = 2004
 | doi         = 10.1080/0026320042000265666
}}
 </ref>
European people often depicted non-European peoples and cultures as fundamentally different and inferior, establishing hierarchical representations of societies in various kinds of media such as academic books, travel journals, and travel guidebooks.<ref>{{cite book
 | last = Zuelow
 | first = Eric G. E.
 | title = A History of Modern Tourism
 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan
 | location = London
 | year = 2016
 | chapter = Chapter 5. Guidebooks and the importance of seeing the sights		 
 | pages = 76-90
 | isbn = 9780230369641
}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book
 | last       = MacKenzie
 | first      = John M.
 | chapter    = Chapter 1. Empires of Travel: British Guide Books and Cultural Imperialism in the 19th and 20th Centuries
 | title      = Histories of Tourism: Representation, Identity and Conflict
 | editor     = John K. Walton
 | publisher  = Channel View Publications
 | location   = Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit
 | year       = 2005
 | page      = 31
 | doi        = 10.21832/9781845410339-003
}}
</ref>
<ref>{{cite book |last=Said |first=Edward W. |title=Orientalism |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |year=1979 |isbn=9780394740676 |page=20}}</ref> By portraying colonized societies as inferior on the hierarchy of cultural value, they "othered" these populations. <ref>{{cite book |last=Said |first=Edward W. |title=Orientalism |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |year=1979 |isbn=9780394740676 |page=20}}</ref>The concept of "othering" refers to the representation of individuals and cultures in a way that simultaneously romanticizes and devalues them, with the goal of establishing dominance. <ref>{{cite book |last=Said |first=Edward W. |title=Orientalism |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |year=1979 |isbn=9780394740676 |page=20}}</ref> "Othering" also refers to  representing peoples while ignoring their own self-representations.  <ref>{{cite book |last=Said |first=Edward W. |title=Orientalism |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |year=1979 |isbn=9780394740676 |page=20}}</ref>

[[File:1892 Cooks Oriental Travellers Gazette v4 cover.png|thumb|alt=1892 cover of Cook's Oriental Travellers Gazette|Cook's Oriental Travellers Gazette, 1892.]]

In the 19th century, in order to foster the development of tourism in the colonies, touristic enterprises used tourist media to present them as attractive destinations for European travelers. <ref>{{cite book
 | last       = MacKenzie
 | first      = John M.
 | chapter    = Chapter 1. Empires of Travel: British Guide Books and Cultural Imperialism in the 19th and 20th Centuries
 | title      = Histories of Tourism: Representation, Identity and Conflict
 | editor     = John K. Walton
 | publisher  = Channel View Publications
 | location   = Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit
 | year       = 2005
 | page      = 31
 | doi        = 10.21832/9781845410339-003
}}
</ref>  Consequently, tourism media not only promoted the colonies as touristic destinations and helped shape popular conceptions about them, but also helped consolidate ideas of Western cultural superiority. <ref>{{cite journal
 | last        = Hunter
 | first       = F. Robert
 | title       = Tourism and Empire: The Thomas Cook & Son Enterprise on the Nile, 1868–1914
 | journal     = Middle Eastern Studies
 | volume      = 40
 | issue       = 5
 | pages       = 28-29
 | year        = 2004
 | doi         = 10.1080/0026320042000265666
}}
 </ref><ref>{{cite book
 | last       = MacKenzie
 | first      = John M.
 | chapter    = Chapter 1. Empires of Travel: British Guide Books and Cultural Imperialism in the 19th and 20th Centuries
 | title      = Histories of Tourism: Representation, Identity and Conflict
 | editor     = John K. Walton
 | publisher  = Channel View Publications
 | location   = Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit
 | year       = 2005
 | pages      = 21
 | doi        = 10.21832/9781845410339-003
}}
</ref>
One notable example is [[Thomas Cook]]'s travel enterprise established in the United Kingdom in 1841 and his travel newspaper called “The Excursionist”.<ref>{{cite journal
 | last        = Hunter
 | first       = F. Robert
 | title       = Tourism and Empire: The Thomas Cook & Son Enterprise on the Nile, 1868–1914
 | journal     = Middle Eastern Studies
 | volume      = 40
 | issue       = 5
 | pages       = 30
 | year        = 2004
 | doi         = 10.1080/0026320042000265666
}}
 </ref><ref>{{cite book
 | last = Zuelow
 | first = Eric G. E.
 | title = A History of Modern Tourism
 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan
 | location = London
 | year = 2016
 | chapter = Chapter 5
 | pages = 76-90
 | isbn = 9780230369641
}}</ref> [[Thomas Cook & Son|Thomas Cook]] enterprise promoted touristic excursions and package tours all over the world. In the case of the tour to Egypt, [[Thomas Cook & Son]]’s promotional materials aimed to portray it as an “out-of-the-ordinary”, wild, yet safe and domesticated destination, appealing to European tourists’ desire for both familiarity and adventure.<ref>{{cite book
 | last       = MacKenzie
 | first      = John M.
 | chapter    = Chapter 1. Empires of Travel: British Guide Books and Cultural Imperialism in the 19th and 20th Centuries
 | title      = Histories of Tourism: Representation, Identity and Conflict
 | editor     = John K. Walton
 | publisher  = Channel View Publications
 | location   = Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit
 | year       = 2005
 | page      = 20
 | doi        = 10.21832/9781845410339-003
}}
</ref> [[Thomas Cook & Son]] collaboration with the British Empire during the occupation of Egypt facilitated European access to the Middle East through the construction of transportation networks such as steamships on the River Nile.<ref>{{cite journal
 | last        = Hunter
 | first       = F. Robert
 | title       = Tourism and Empire: The Thomas Cook & Son Enterprise on the Nile, 1868–1914
 | journal     = Middle Eastern Studies
 | volume      = 40
 | issue       = 5
 | pages       = 31-32
 | year        = 2004
 | doi         = 10.1080/0026320042000265666
}}
 </ref> <ref>{{cite journal
 |last1=Baranowski
 |first1=Shelley
 |last2=Endy
 |first2=Christopher
 |last3=Hazbun
 |first3=Waleed
 |last4=Hom
 |first4=Stephanie M.
 |last5=Pirie
 |first5=Gordon
 |last6=Simmons
 |first6=Tony
 |last7=Zuelow
 |first7=Eric G. E.
 |title=Tourism and Empire
 |journal=Journal of Tourism History
 |volume=7
 |issue=1–2
 |page=101
 |year=2015
 |doi=10.1080/1755182X.2015.1063709
 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2015.1063709
}}</ref> At the same time, it reinforced Eurocentric and imperial politics. <ref>{{cite book
 | last       = MacKenzie
 | first      = John M.
 | chapter    = Chapter 1. Empires of Travel: British Guide Books and Cultural Imperialism in the 19th and 20th Centuries
 | title      = Histories of Tourism: Representation, Identity and Conflict
 | editor     = John K. Walton
 | publisher  = Channel View Publications
 | location   = Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit
 | year       = 2005
 | pages      = 25
 | doi        = 10.21832/9781845410339-003
}}
 </ref><ref>{{cite journal
 |last1=Baranowski
 |first1=Shelley
 |last2=Endy
 |first2=Christopher
 |last3=Hazbun
 |first3=Waleed
 |last4=Hom
 |first4=Stephanie M.
 |last5=Pirie
 |first5=Gordon
 |last6=Simmons
 |first6=Tony
 |last7=Zuelow
 |first7=Eric G. E.
 |title=Tourism and Empire
 |journal=Journal of Tourism History
 |volume=7
 |issue=1–2
 |page=101
 |year=2015
 |doi=10.1080/1755182X.2015.1063709
 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2015.1063709
}}</ref>

These narratives, as reflected in travel guidebooks present in the [[Orientalism|Orientalist collection]], often reveal more about the symbolic authority of European powers over colonized regions than they do about the actual cultures depicted. <ref>{{cite book |last=Said |first=Edward W. |title=Orientalism |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |year=1979 |isbn=9780394740676 |page=6}}</ref>The process of othering and categorizing societies into simplistic binary oppositions—such as civilized/primitive and superior/inferior — contributes to the perpetuation of [[Imperialism|imperialist]] ideologies because it silences the voices of local communities and obscures their cultural complexity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Said |first=Edward W. |title=Orientalism |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |year=1979 |isbn=9780394740676 |page=33}}</ref>

===Tourism after 1945===
In the period following [[World War II]], an increasing number of individuals from diverse backgrounds were able to participate in tourism. <ref name="Zuelow2016p149">{{cite book |last=Zuelow |first=Eric |title=A History of Modern Tourism |publisher=Palgrave |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-230-36965-8 |pages=149–164}}</ref> 

====Racial segregation and tourism in the United States====
Prior to the [[Civil Rights Act]], Black travellers encountered specific challenges when travelling within the United States. <ref name="Zuelow2016p171">{{cite book |last=Zuelow |first=Eric |title=A History of Modern Tourism |publisher=Palgrave |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-230-36965-8 |pages=171}}</ref> [[Jim Crow]] legislation enforced racial segregation in numerous public spaces, including public transport, accommodation, and tourist sites in general. <ref name="Jackson2020p12">{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Antoinette T. |title=Heritage, Tourism, and Race: The Other Side of Leisure |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-00-004806-3 |pages=12}}</ref><ref name="Zuelow2016p171" />

The [[Negro Motorist Green Book]] was a travel guide published from 1936 to 1967 by Victor and Alma Duke Green. It was aimed at Black travellers in the United States during the era of segregation and listed places where Black travellers were welcome. <ref name="Jackson2020p13">{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Antoinette T. |title=Heritage, Tourism, and Race: The Other Side of Leisure |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-00-004806-3 |pages=13 |url=https://www.routledge.com/Heritage-Tourism-and-Race-The-Other-Side-of-Leisure/Jackson/p/book/9780367464844?srsltid=AfmBOoqeW_05AVjNLB66C_eZWxi1mVg1CLCKV421LWLgk-RykVo0SQn6 |access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref> Several major companies collaborated with the Green Book. For instance, the [[Esso]] Standard Oil Company placed advertisements in the Green Book and sold it at their nationwide gas stations.<ref name="Jackson2020p13" />

== Economic significance of tourism ==
[[File:The promenade, Blackpool, Lancashire, England, ca. 1898.jpg|thumb| Photochrom of the [[Blackpool]] promenade c. 1898]]
The tourism industry, as part of the [[service sector]],<ref>
{{cite book |last1=Tassiopoulos| first1=Dimitri| title=New Tourism Ventures: An Entrepreneurial and Managerial Approach| publisher=Juta and Company Ltd| year=2008| isbn=9780702177262| editor1-last=Tassiopoulos| editor1-first=Dimitri| location=Cape Town| publication-date=2008| page=10}}</ref> has become an important source of income for many regions and even for entire countries. The ''Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980'' recognized its importance as "an activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social, cultural, educational, and economic sectors of national societies, and on their international relations."<ref name="unwto1034"/><ref>{{cite conference|date=10 October 1980|title=Manila Declaration on World Tourism|url=http://www.univeur.org/cuebc/downloads/PDF%20carte/65.%20Manila.PDF|conference=World Tourism Conference|location=[[Manila]], [[Philippines]]|pages=1–4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120180003/http://www.univeur.org/CMS/UserFiles/65.%20Manila.PDF|archive-date=20 November 2012}}</ref>

Tourism brings large amounts of income into a local economy in the form of payment for [[goods and services]] needed by tourists, accounting {{as of | 2011 | lc = on}} for 30% of the world's [[trade]] in services, and, as an [[invisible export]], for 6% of overall [[export]]s of goods and services.<ref name="pr12027"/> It also generates opportunities for [[employment]] in the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector of the economy]] associated with tourism.<ref name="WTO2012Highlights">{{cite web|date=June 2012|title=2012 Tourism Highlights|url=http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights12enlr_1.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709215809/http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights12enlr_1.pdf|archive-date=9 July 2012|access-date=17 June 2012|publisher=UNWTO}}</ref> It is also claimed that travel broadens the mind.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/jan/18/travel-broadens-the-mind-but-can-it-alter-the-brain|website=theguardian.com|title=Travel broadens the mind, but can it alter the brain?|date=18 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/5mpgT5k3tSNsGBSc0kBD7fg/james-rebanks-one-shepherd-and-his-beloved-herdwick-sheep|quote="People think travel broadens the mind, I'm not so sure. I think a focus on, and love of, one place can make people rather sensible, decent, and wise' —James Rebanks|website=bbc.co.uk|title=James Rebanks: One shepherd and his beloved Herdwick sheep|first=James|last=Rebanks|year=2019}}</ref>

The hospitality industries which benefit from tourism include [[transport|transportation services]] (such as [[airline]]s, [[cruise ship]]s, [[public transport|transit]]s, [[train]]s and [[taxicab]]s); [[lodging]] (including [[hotel]]s, [[hostel]]s, [[homestay]]s, [[resort]]s and renting out rooms); and entertainment venues (such as [[amusement park]]s, [[restaurant]]s, [[casino]]s, [[festival]]s, [[shopping mall]]s, [[music venue]]s, and [[theatre]]s). This is in addition to goods bought by tourists, including [[souvenir]]s.

On the flip-side, tourism can degrade people<ref>
{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pvp_AAAAMAAJ|title=The Challenge of Tourism: Learning Resources for Study and Action|date=1990|publisher=Ecumenical Coalition on Third World Tourism|isbn=9789748555706|editor1-last=O'Grady|editor1-first=Alison|page=19|quote=[...] the products to be sold to international tourists are not only natural resources such as sea, sand and sun, but also the subservience of people in receiving countries.|access-date=20 September 2019}}
</ref> and sour relationships between host and guest.<ref>
{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Melanie K.|url=https://archive.org/details/issuesincultural0000smit|title=Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=978-0-415-25638-4|series=Tourism / Routledge|location=London|publication-date=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/issuesincultural0000smit/page/50 50]|quote=The globalisation of tourism has partially exacerbated the relationships of inequality and subservience that are so commonplace in host-guest encounters. It is not simply enough for local people to accept their role as servants, guides or companions to a range of ever-changing tourists. They are also confronted increasingly by the luxurious global products of Western indulgence which remain far from their reach, rather like the thirsty Tantalus in his elusive pool of water.|access-date=30 May 2018|url-access=registration}}
</ref> Tourism frequently also puts additional pressure on the local environment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gössling |first1=Stefan |last2=Hansson |first2=Carina Borgström |last3=Hörstmeier |first3=Oliver |last4=Saggel |first4=Stefan |date=2002-12-01 |title=Ecological footprint analysis as a tool to assess tourism sustainability |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800902002112 |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=199–211 |doi=10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00211-2 |bibcode=2002EcoEc..43..199G |issn=0921-8009}}</ref>

The economic foundations of tourism are essentially the cultural assets, the [[cultural property]] and the [[nature]] of the travel location. The [[World Heritage Sites]] are particularly worth mentioning today because they are real tourism magnets. But even a country's current or former form of government can be decisive for tourism. For example, the fascination of the [[British royal family]] brings millions of tourists to Great Britain every year and thus the economy around £550 million a year. The [[Habsburg]] family can be mentioned in Central Europe. According to estimates, the Habsburg brand should generate tourism sales of 60 million euros per year for Vienna alone. The tourist principle "Habsburg sells" applies.<ref>[[Laurajane Smith]] "Uses of Heritage" (2006); Regina Bendix, Vladimir Hafstein "Culture and Property. An Introduction" (2009) in Ethnologia Europaea 39/2</ref><ref>Gerhard Bitzan, Christine Imlinger "Die Millionen-Marke Habsburg" (German), in Die Presse, 15 July 2011.</ref>

==Tourism, cultural heritage and UNESCO==
[[File:Blue Shield Fact Finding Mission Egypt.jpg|thumb|Blue Shield fact-finding mission in Egypt]]

Cultural and natural heritage are in many cases the absolute basis for worldwide tourism. Cultural tourism is one of the mega-trends that is reflected in massive numbers of overnight stays and sales. As [[UNESCO]] is increasingly observing, the cultural heritage is needed for tourism, but also endangered by it. The "ICOMOS - International Cultural Tourism Charter" from 1999 is already dealing with all of these problems. As a result of the tourist hazard, for example, the [[Lascaux]] cave was rebuilt for tourists. [[Overtourism]] is an important buzzword in this area. Furthermore, the focus of UNESCO in war zones is to ensure the protection of cultural heritage in order to maintain this future important economic basis for the local population. And there is intensive cooperation between UNESCO, the [[United Nations]], the [[United Nations peacekeeping]] and [[Blue Shield International]]. There are extensive international and national considerations, studies and programs to protect cultural assets from the effects of tourism and those from war. In particular, it is also about training civilian and military personnel. But the involvement of the locals is particularly important. The founding president of Blue Shield International [[Karl von Habsburg]] summed it up with the words: "Without the local community and without the local participants, that would be completely impossible'.<ref>Rick Szostak: ''The Causes of Economic Growth: Interdisciplinary Perspectives.'' Springer Science & Business Media, 2009, {{ISBN|9783540922827}}; Markus Tauschek "Kulturerbe" (2013), p 166; Laurajane Smith "Uses of Heritage" (2006).</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15207&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|title=UNESCO Legal Instruments: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1999}}; Roger O'Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, p 73; [https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/action-plan-to-preserve-heritage-sites-during-conflict Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict - UNITED NATIONS, 12 Apr 2019]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Austrian Armed Forces Mission in Lebanon|date=28 April 2019 |url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|language=de}}; Jyot Hosagrahar: ''Culture: at the heart of SDGs.'' UNESCO-Kurier, April-Juni 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2016/sep/27/dont-look-now-venice-tourists-locals-sick-of-you-cruise-liners |title=Don't look now, Venice tourists – the locals are sick of you |work=The Guardian |date=2016-09-27 |author=Simon Osborne |access-date=2018-05-10 |language=EN}}</ref>

==Cruise ships==
[[File:Seabourn Ovation surrounded by palm trees.jpg|thumb|The modern cruise ship ''Seabourn Ovation'' in the Mediterranean]]
[[:wikt:Cruising|Cruising]] is a popular form of [[water tourism]]. Leisure [[cruise ship]]s were introduced by the [[P&O]] in 1844, sailing from [[Port of Southampton|Southampton]] to destinations such as [[Gibraltar]], [[Malta]] and [[Athens]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.btnews.co.uk/article/5037|title=Ccruise News|date=June 2012|access-date=17 December 2012}}</ref> In 1891, German businessman [[Albert Ballin]] sailed the ship [[Augusta Victoria (ship)|''Augusta Victoria'']] from [[Hamburg]] into the Mediterranean Sea. 29 June 1900 saw the launching of the first purpose-built cruise ship was ''[[Prinzessin Victoria Luise]]'', built in Hamburg for the [[Hamburg America Line]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cruiselinehistory.com/the-prinzessin-victoria-luise-worlds-first-cruise-ship/|title=The Prinzessin Victoria Luise – world's first cruise ship|work=Cruising the Past|access-date=12 August 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Modern day tourism ==

=== Mass tourism ===
[[File:Barceloneta 2007.jpg|thumb|Tourists at the Mediterranean Coast of [[Barcelona]] 2007]]
Mass tourism and its [[tourist attraction]]s have emerged as among the most iconic demonstration of western consumer societies.<ref>{{Cite book |title = Cultures of Mass Tourism: Doing the Mediterranean in the Age of Banal Mobilities | editor1 = Pau Obrador Pons | editor2= Mike Crang | editor3= Penny Travlou  |year = 2016 |publisher = Taylor & Francis |page = 2 |isbn = 9781317155652 }}</ref> Academics have defined mass tourism as travel by groups on pre-scheduled tours, usually under the organization of tourism professionals. This form of tourism developed during the second half of the 19th century in the [[United Kingdom]] and was pioneered by [[Thomas Cook]]. Cook took advantage of Europe's rapidly expanding railway network and established a company that offered affordable [[day trip]] excursions to [[commoners|the masses]], in addition to longer holidays to Continental Europe, India, Asia and the Western Hemisphere which attracted wealthier customers. By the 1890s over 20,000 tourists per year used [[Thomas Cook & Son]].

The relationship between tourism companies, transportation operators and hotels is a central feature of mass tourism. Cook was able to offer prices that were below the publicly advertised price because his company purchased large numbers of tickets from railroads. One contemporary form of mass tourism, [[package tour]]ism, still incorporates the partnership between these three groups.

Travel developed during the early 20th century and was facilitated by the development of the automobiles and later by airplanes.
Improvements in transport allowed many people to travel quickly to places of leisure interest so that more people could begin to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.

In [[Continental Europe]], early [[seaside resort]]s included: [[Heiligendamm]], founded in 1793 at the [[Baltic Sea]], being the first seaside resort; [[Ostend]], popularized by the people of [[Brussels]]; [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] and [[Deauville]] for the [[Paris]]ians; [[Taormina]] in [[Sicily]]. In the [[United States]], the first seaside resorts in the European style were at [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], [[New Jersey]] and [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]].

By the mid-20th century, the Mediterranean Coast became the principal mass tourism destination. The 1960s and 1970s saw mass tourism play a major role in the [[Spanish miracle#Mass tourism and emigration|Spanish economic "miracle"]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Tourism and Dictatorship Europe's Peaceful Invasion of Franco's Spain|date=2006|author=S. Pack|isbn=9780230601161|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|page=141}}</ref>

In the 1960s and 1970s, scientists discussed negative socio-cultural impacts of tourism on host communities. Since the 1980s the positive aspects of tourism began to be recognized as well.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Putova |first=Barbora |date=2018 |title=Anthropology of Tourism: Researching Interactions between Hosts and Guests |url=https://sciendo.com/downloadpdf/journals/cjot/7/1/article-p71.pdf |journal=Czech Journal of Tourism |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=71–92|doi=10.1515/cjot-2018-0004 |s2cid=159280794 }}</ref>

In more recent times, mass tourism is something which has become a negative experience for local residents of cities and destinations that experience heavy tourism, especially in summer months. In July 2024 for example, protests by local residents in Barcelona, Spain were held in the city, where ″thousands of people joined an anti-tourism protest amid rising housing costs.″<ref name="Protesting About Mass Tourism">{{cite news |author=Al Jazeera Staff |title='Tourists go home': Why Barcelona residents sprayed water on visitors |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/9/why-are-barcelona-residents-protesting-against-tourists |access-date=10 July 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

===Niche tourism===
{{main list|List of adjectival tourisms}}
[[File:Cristo Rei (36211699613).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Christ the King (Almada)|Sanctuary of Christ the King]], in [[Almada]], has become one of the places most visited for religious tourism.]]

Niche tourism refers to the specialty forms of tourism that have emerged over the years, each with its own adjective. Many of these terms have come into common use by the tourism industry and academics.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lew|first=Alan A.|title=Long Tail Tourism: New geographies for marketing niche tourism products|journal=Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing|year=2008|volume=25|issue=3–4|pages=409–19|doi=10.1080/10548400802508515|url=http://www.geog.nau.edu/publications/Long-Tail-Tourism-Lew.pdf|access-date=22 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614084130/http://www.geog.nau.edu/publications/Long-Tail-Tourism-Lew.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2010|citeseerx=10.1.1.467.6320|s2cid=16085592}}</ref> Others are emerging concepts that may or may not gain popular usage. Examples of the more common niche tourism markets are:
{{colbegin}}
* [[Agritourism]]
* [[Birth tourism]]
* Coastal island tourism 
* [[Culinary tourism]]
* [[Cultural tourism]]
* [[Dark tourism]] (also called "black tourism" or "grief tourism")
* [[Eco tourism]]
* [[Extreme tourism]]
* [[Film tourism]]
* [[Geotourism]]
* [[Heritage tourism]]
* [[LGBT tourism]]
* [[Medical tourism]]
* [[Nautical tourism]]
* [[Pop-culture tourism]]
* [[Religious tourism]]
* [[Sex tourism]]
* [[Slum tourism]]
* [[Sports tourism]]
* [[List of tallest buildings|Tallest buildings]] tourism
* Trains tourism (e.g., steam and model railways)
* [[Virtual tourism]]
* [[War tourism]]
* [[Wellness tourism]]
* [[Wildlife tourism]]

{{colend}}

Other terms used for niche or specialty travel forms include the term "destination" in the descriptions, such as [[destination wedding]]s, and terms such as [[location vacation]].

===Winter tourism===
{{See also|List of ski areas and resorts|Winter sport}}
[[File:Arctic circle santa village.jpg|thumb|The [[Santa Claus Village]] at the [[Arctic Circle]] in [[Rovaniemi]], Finland is one of the significant tourist places in the Northern Europe.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.discoveringfinland.com/finnish-lapland/rovaniemi/| title = Rovaniemi Lapland Holidays – Discovering Finland}}</ref>]]

[[St. Moritz]], [[Switzerland]] became the cradle of the developing winter tourism in the 1860s: hotel manager Johannes Badrutt invited some summer guests from England to return in the winter to see the snowy landscape, thereby inaugurating a popular trend.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stmoritz.ch/en/winter/village/spirit-history/birthplace-of-winter-tourism.html|title=Birthplace of winter tourism|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017122131/http://www.stmoritz.ch/en/winter/village/spirit-history/birthplace-of-winter-tourism.html|archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Early Winter Tourism|url=http://www.kulmhotel-stmoritz.ch/en/portrait/tradition-history/early-winter-tourism.html|work=Tradition & History|publisher=Kulm Hotel|access-date=23 December 2011|location=[[St. Moritz]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230025/http://www.kulmhotel-stmoritz.ch/en/portrait/tradition-history/early-winter-tourism.html|archive-date=19 December 2011}}</ref> It was, however, only in the 1970s when winter tourism took over the lead from summer tourism in many of the Swiss ski resorts. Even in winter, up to one third of all guests (depending on the location) consist of non-skiers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.graubuenden.ch/winter-walking-switzerland.html |title=Winter hiking in Switzerland-Graubünden |publisher=graubuenden.ch |access-date=23 December 2011 |archive-date=29 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129055539/http://en.graubuenden.ch/winter-walking-switzerland.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Major [[ski resort]]s are located mostly in the various European countries (e.g. [[Andorra]], [[Austria]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Cyprus]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Iceland]], [[Italy]], [[Norway]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[List of ski areas and resorts in Europe#Poland|Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Serbia]], [[Sweden]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[Turkey]]), [[Canada]], the [[United States]] (e.g. Montana, Utah, Colorado, California, Wyoming, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York) [[Argentina]], [[New Zealand]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], [[Chile]], and [[Lebanon]].

==Recent developments==
[[File:Aerial view Yacht Harbour Residence Rostock Yachthafenresidenz Hohe Düne 6.jpg|thumb|right|A [[destination hotel]] in [[Germany]]: ''Yacht Harbour Residence'' in [[Warnemünde|Rostock]], [[Mecklenburg]]]]There has been an up-trend in tourism over the last few decades,{{vague|date=November 2013}} especially in Europe, where international travel for short breaks is common. Tourists have a wide range of budgets and tastes, and a wide variety of resorts and hotels have developed to cater for them. For example, some people prefer simple beach vacations, while others want more specialized holidays, quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays, or niche market-targeted [[destination hotel]]s.

The developments in [[Aviation|air transport]] infrastructure, such as [[Wide-body aircraft|jumbo jets]], [[Low-cost carrier|low-cost airlines]], and more [[accessible tourism|accessible]] [[airport]]s have made many types of tourism more affordable. A major factor in the relatively low cost of air travel is the [[Aviation fuel#Tax|tax exemption for aviation fuels]]. The [[WHO]] estimated in 2009 that there are around half a million people on board aircraft at any given time.<ref name="theguardian.com"/> There have also been changes in lifestyle, for example, some retirement-age people sustain year-round tourism. This is facilitated by [[Electronic commerce|internet sales]] of tourist services. Some sites have now started to offer [[dynamic packaging]], in which an inclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the customer upon impulse.

There have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the [[September 11 attacks]] and [[terrorism|terrorist threats]] to [[tourist destination]]s, such as in [[Bali]] and several European cities. Also, on 26 December 2004, a [[tsunami]], caused by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]], hit the [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|Asian countries]] on the [[Indian Ocean]], including the [[Maldives]]. Thousands of people died including many tourists. This, together with the vast clean-up operations, stopped or severely hampered tourism in the area for a time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://travelcupio.com/category/destination/asia-pacific/india/|title=India Top Tourist Destinations & Attractions|website=TravelCupio|language=en-US|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=8 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608172339/http://travelcupio.com/category/destination/asia-pacific/india/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Individual low-price or even zero-price overnight stays have become more popular in the 2000s, especially with a strong growth in the [[hostel]] market and services like [[CouchSurfing]] and [[airbnb]] being established.<ref name="newyorkercouch">{{cite magazine|last=Marx|first=Patricia|title=Couch-surfing the globe|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/04/16/120416fa_fact_marx|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=15 March 2014}}</ref> There has also been examples of jurisdictions wherein a significant portion of GDP is being spent on altering the primary sources of revenue towards tourism, as has occurred for instance in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cadene|first1=Philippe|title=Atlas of the Gulf States|date=2013|page=29}}</ref>

===Sustainable tourism===
{{Excerpt|Sustainable tourism|paragraphs=1,2|file=no}}

===Ecotourism===
{{Main|Ecotourism}}
[[Ecotourism]], also known as ecological tourism, is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strives to be low-impact and (often) small-scale. It helps educate the traveller; provides funds for conservation; directly benefits the economic development and political empowerment of local communities, and fosters respect for different cultures and for human rights. ''Take only memories and leave only footprints'' is a very common slogan in protected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pinterest.com/marymo393/take-only-memories-leave-only-footprints-chief-sea/|title=Morgan Gamble|work=Pinterest|access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> Tourist destinations are shifting to low carbon emissions following the trend of visitors more focused in being environmentally responsible adopting a sustainable behavior.<ref>''Entrepreneuring Sustainable Tourism'', [[Jack Soifer]] Editor, Lisboa, 2008, {{ISBN|978-989-95976-0-0}}</ref>

===Volunteer tourism===
{{Main|Volunteer tourism}}
Volunteer tourism (or voluntourism) is growing as a largely Western phenomenon, with volunteers travelling to aid those less fortunate than themselves in order to counter global inequalities. Wearing (2001) defines volunteer tourism as applying "to those tourists who, for various reasons, volunteer in an organised way to undertake holidays that might involve aiding or alleviating the material poverty of some groups in society".<ref>{{cite book|title=Volunteer Tourism: Experiences That Make a Difference|publisher=CABI}}</ref> VSO was founded in the UK in 1958 and the US Peace Corps was subsequently founded in 1960. These were the first large scale voluntary sending organisations, initially arising to modernise less economically developed countries, which it was hoped would curb the influence of communism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Butcher|first1=J|last2=Smith|first2=P|date=2010|title='Making a difference': Volunteer tourism and development|journal=Tourism Recreation Research|volume=35|pages=27–36|doi=10.1080/02508281.2010.11081616|s2cid=51729611|url=http://research.stmarys.ac.uk/280/1/04-Butcher%20and%20Smith.pdf}}</ref>

This form of tourism is largely praised for its more sustainable approach to travel, with tourists attempting to assimilate into local cultures, and avoiding the criticisms of consumptive and exploitative mass tourism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Terry|first=W|date=2014|title=Solving labor problems and building capacity unsustainable agriculture through volunteer tourism|journal=Annals of Tourism Research|volume=49|pages=94–107|doi=10.1016/j.annals.2014.09.001}}</ref> However, increasingly, voluntourism is being criticised by scholars who suggest it may have negative effects as it begins to undermine local labour, and force unwilling host communities to adopt Western initiatives,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guttentag|first=D|date=2009|title=The possible negative impacts of volunteer tourism|journal=International Journal of Tourism Research|volume=11|issue=6|pages=537–51|doi=10.1002/jtr.727|s2cid=153993554}}</ref> while host communities without a strong heritage fail to retain volunteers who become dissatisfied with experiences and volunteer shortages persist.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Curran|first1=Ross|last2=Taheri|first2=Babak|last3=MacIntosh|first3=Robert|last4=O'Gorman|first4=Kevin|date=2016|title=Nonprofit Brand Heritage: Its Ability to Influence Volunteer Retention, Engagement, and Satisfaction|journal=Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly|volume=45|issue=6|pages=1234–57|doi=10.1177/0899764016633532|s2cid=147490099}}</ref> Increasingly, organisations such as VSO have been concerned with community-centric volunteer programmes where power to control the future of the community is in the hands of local people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=Jamie|last2=Curran|first2=Ross|last3=O'Gorman|first3=Kevin|date=2017|title=A modern day panopticon: Using power and control theory to manage volunteer tourists in Bolivia|journal=Tourism Management Perspectives|volume=22|pages=34–43|doi=10.1016/j.tmp.2017.01.003|hdl=10373/2606|url=https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/publications/b289ceb1-0ef1-4e46-8b2c-b84804a83fda}}</ref>

===Pro-poor tourism===
[[File:Community Tourism (Riven No 2).webm|thumb|Community tourism in Sierra Leone [[b:Development Cooperation Handbook/Stories/Community Tourism|→ The story of a community in Sierra Leone trying to manage tourism in a responsible manner]]]]

Pro-poor tourism, which seeks to help the poorest people in developing countries, has been receiving increasing attention by those involved in development; the issue has been addressed through small-scale projects in local communities and through attempts by Ministries of Tourism to attract large numbers of tourists.<ref>Freire-Medeiros, B. (2014). Touring poverty. Routledge.</ref> Research by the [[Overseas Development Institute]] suggests that neither is the best way to encourage tourists' money to reach the poorest as only 25% or less (far less in some cases) ever reaches the poor; successful examples of money reaching the poor include mountain-climbing in [[Tanzania]] and cultural tourism in [[Luang Prabang]], [[Laos]].<ref name="odi.org.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=2675&title=value-chains-tourism-poverty-reduction |title=Value chain analysis and poverty reduction at scale |author=Jonathan Mitchel |year=2009 |publisher=Overseas Development Institute |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-date=26 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826013054/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=2675&title=value-chains-tourism-poverty-reduction |url-status=dead }}</ref> There is also the possibility of pro-poor tourism principles being adopted in centre sites of regeneration in the developed world.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Butler|first1=Richard|last2=Curran|first2=Ross|last3=O'Gorman|first3=Kevin D.|date=1 September 2013|title=Pro-Poor Tourism in a First World Urban Setting: Case Study of Glasgow Govan|journal=International Journal of Tourism Research|language=en|volume=15|issue=5|pages=443–57|doi=10.1002/jtr.1888|issn=1522-1970}}</ref>

===Recession tourism===
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}
Recession tourism is a travel trend which evolved by way of the world economic crisis. Recession tourism is defined by low-cost and high-value experiences taking place at once-popular generic retreats. Various recession tourism hotspots have seen business boom during the recession thanks to comparatively low costs of living and a slow world job market suggesting travellers are elongating trips where their money travels further. This concept is not widely used in tourism research. It is related to the short-lived phenomenon that is more widely known as [[staycation]]. In general, studies have primarily focused on the short-term effects of the crisis on tourism demand, often overlooking the long-term implications for the competitive positioning of the impacted destinations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramón |first=Ana |date=2014-01-01 |title=The effects of economic crises on tourism success: an integrated model |url=https://www.academia.edu/63057073 |journal=Tourism Economics}}</ref>

===Medical tourism===
{{Main|Medical tourism}}
When there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical procedure, particularly in [[Southeast Asia]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Eastern Europe]], [[Cuba]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/18/world/americas/americans-may-see-appeal-of-medical-tourism-in-cuba.html|title=Americans May See Appeal of Medical Tourism in Cuba|last=Neuman|first=William|date=17 February 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=12 September 2016}}</ref> and [[Canada]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.deloitte.com/ca/en/pages/life-sciences-and-healthcare/articles/evolving-medical-tourism-in-canada.html|title=Evolving medical tourism in Canada {{!}} Deloitte Canada|website=Deloitte Canada|access-date=12 September 2016}}</ref> where there are different regulatory regimes, in relation to particular medical procedures (e.g. [[dentistry]]), travelling to take advantage of the price or regulatory differences is often referred to as "medical tourism".

===Educational tourism===
{{More citations needed section|date= October 2021}}
Educational tourism is developed because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of knowledge and the enhancing of technical competency outside of the classroom environment. Brent W. Ritchie, publisher of Managing Educational Tourism, created a study of a geographic subdivision to demonstrate how tourism educated high school students participating in foreign exchange programs over the last 15 years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McGladdery|first1=Christine A.|last2=Lubbe|first2=Berendien A.|date=2017-01-01|title=Rethinking educational tourism: proposing a new model and future directions|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-03-2017-0055|journal=Tourism Review|volume=72|issue=3|pages=319–329|doi=10.1108/TR-03-2017-0055|hdl=2263/62536 |issn=1660-5373|hdl-access=free}}</ref> In educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visiting another country to learn about the culture, study tours, or to work and apply skills learned inside the classroom in a different environment, such as in the International Practicum Training Program.<ref>Seraphin, H., Bah, M., Fyall, A., & Gowreesunkar, V. (2021). Tourism education in France and sustainable development goal 4 (quality education). Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes.</ref> In 2018, one impact was many exchange students traveled to America to assist students financially in order to maintain their secondary education.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shulman|first=Robyn D.|title=5 Ways Student Exchange Programs Affect The American Economy|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robynshulman/2019/10/14/5-ways-student-exchange-programs-affect-the-american-economy/|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref>

=== Event tourism ===
[[File:Light Move Festival 169.jpg|thumb|''Light Move Festival'' in [[Łódź]], Poland]]
This type of tourism is focused on tourists coming into a region to either participate in an event or to see an organized event put on by the city/region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Tourism management : an introduction|last=Clare.|first=Inkson|date=2012|publisher=Sage|others=Minnaert, Lynn|isbn=978-1-84860-869-6|location=Los Angeles|oclc=760291882}}</ref> This type of tourism can also fall under [[sustainable tourism]] as well and companies that create a [[Sustainable event management|sustainable event]] to attend open up a chance to not only the consumer but their workers to learn and develop from the experience. Creating a sustainable atmosphere creates a chance to inform and encourage sustainable practices. An example of event tourism would be the music festival [[South by Southwest]] that is hosted in [[Austin, Texas]] annually. Every year people from all over the world flock to the city for one week to sit in on technology talks and see bands perform. People are drawn here to experience something that they are not able to experience in their hometown, which defines event tourism.

===Creative tourism===
[[File:FF of Hartwell welcomes Indonesians.jpg|thumb|[[Friendship Force International|Friendship Force]] visitors from Indonesia meeting their hosts in [[Hartwell, Georgia]], United States]]

Creative tourism has existed as a form of [[cultural tourism]], since the early beginnings of tourism itself. Its European roots date back to the time of the [[Grand Tour]], which saw the sons of aristocratic families travelling for the purpose of mostly interactive, educational experiences. More recently, creative tourism has been given its own name by Crispin Raymond and Greg Richards,<ref name="ct">{{cite book|last=Wurzburger|first=Rebecca|title=Creative Tourism: A Global Conversation: How to Provide Unique Creative Experiences for Travelers Worldwide: As Presented at the 2008 Santa Fe & UNESCO International Conference on Creative Tourism in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA|publisher=Sunstone Press|location=Santa Fe|year=2009|isbn=978-0-86534-724-3|oclc=370387178|display-authors=etal}}</ref> who as members of the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS), have directed a number of projects for the [[European Commission]], including cultural and crafts tourism, known as [[sustainable tourism]]. They have defined "creative tourism" as tourism related to the active participation of travellers in the [[culture]] of the host community, through interactive workshops and informal learning experiences.<ref name="ct"/>

Meanwhile, the concept of creative tourism has been picked up by high-profile organizations such as [[UNESCO]], who through the [[Creative Cities Network]], have endorsed creative tourism as an engaged, [[authenticity (reenactment)|authentic]] experience that promotes an active understanding of the specific cultural features of a [[Location (geography)|place]]. UNESCO wrote in one of its documents: "'Creative Tourism' involves more interaction, in which the visitor has an educational, emotional, social, and participative interaction with the place, its living culture, and the people who live there. They feel like a citizen."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000159811|title=Towards Sustainable Strategies for Creative Tourism: discussion report of the planning meeting for the 2008 International Conference on Creative Tourism|work=UNESCO Digital Library |date=2006 }}</ref> Saying so, the tourist will have the opportunity to take part in workshops, classes and activities related to the culture of the destination.

More recently, creative tourism has gained popularity as a form of cultural tourism, drawing on active participation by travellers in the culture of the host communities they visit. Several countries offer examples of this type of tourism development, including the United Kingdom, Austria, France, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Spain, Italy, New Zealand and South Korea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/essentials-1617ise03-creative-tourism.htm|title= Creative tourism|last=Lau|first=Samantha|date=14 November 2016|website=Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240305213721/https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/essentials-1617ise03-creative-tourism.htm |archive-date= 5 Mar 2024  }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Creative Friendly Destinations|url=http://www.creativetourismnetwork.org/cities-and-regions/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=Creative Tourism Network }}</ref>

The growing interest of tourists<ref>{{cite web |author=Charlie Mansfield Lecturer in Tourism Management and French |url=http://www.tourismconsumption.org/ |title=JTCaP Tourism Consumption Online Journal |publisher=Tourismconsumption.org |access-date=10 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415231711/http://www.tourismconsumption.org/ |archive-date=15 April 2013  }}</ref> in this new way to discover a culture regards particularly the operators and branding managers, attentive to the possibility of attracting a quality tourism, highlighting the intangible heritage (craft workshops, cooking classes, etc.) and optimizing the use of existing infrastructure (for example, through the rent of halls and auditoriums).

===Experiential tourism===
[[Experiential travel]] (or "immersion travel") is one of the major market trends in the modern tourism industry. It is an approach to travelling which focuses on experiencing a country, city or particular place by connecting to its [[history]], people, food and [[culture]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/08/nyregion/your-home-the-new-frontier-for-tourists-in-new-york-city.html|title=Your Home, the New Frontier for Tourists in New York City|first=Ginia|last=Bellafante|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 July 2012}}</ref>

The term "experiential travel" has been mentioned in publications since 1985,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QJAQAAMAAJ&q=%22experiential+travel%22|title=Insights in Strategic Retail Management|access-date=9 June 2015|isbn=9780861762378|last1=Gattorna|first1=John|year=1985|publisher=MCB University Press }}</ref> but it was not discovered as a meaningful market trend until much later.

===Dark tourism===
{{Main|Dark tourism}}
[[File:Poland - Czermna - Chapel of Skulls - interior 06.jpg|thumb|The [[Skull Chapel, Czermna|Skull Chapel]] in [[Kudowa-Zdrój]], [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship]], [[Poland]], is an example of an attraction for [[dark tourism]]. Its interior walls, ceiling and foundations are adorned by human remains. It is the only such monument in Poland, and one of six in [[Europe]].]]

One emerging area of special interest has been identified by Lennon and Foley (2000)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/turnsofphrase/tp-dar2.htm|title=Dark Tourism|last=Quinion|first=Michael|date=26 November 2005|work=World Wide Words|access-date=9 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lennon|first1=J. John |first2=Malcolm|last2=Foley|location=London|title=Dark Tourism|publisher=Continuum|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8264-5063-0 |oclc=44603703}}</ref> as [[Dark tourism|"dark" tourism]]. This type of tourism involves visits to "dark" sites, such as battlegrounds, scenes of horrific crimes or acts of [[genocide]], for example [[Internment|concentration camps]]. Its origins are rooted in fairgrounds and medieval fairs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cooper|first=Chris|title=Tourism: Principles and Practice|publisher=[[Pearson Education]]|location=Harlow|year=2005|edition= 3rd|isbn=978-0-273-68406-0|oclc=466952897|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

===Social tourism===
Social tourism is making tourism available to poor people who otherwise could not afford to travel for their education or recreation. It includes [[youth hostels]] and low-priced holiday accommodation run by church and [[voluntary organisation]]s, [[trade unions]], or in Communist times [[combine (enterprise)|publicly owned enterprises]]. In May 1959, at the second Congress of Social Tourism in Austria, [[Walter Hunziker#Social tourism|Walter Hunziker]] proposed the following definition: "Social tourism is a type of tourism practiced by low-income groups, and which is rendered possible and facilitated by entirely separate and therefore easily recognizable services".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tourism : principles, practices, philosophies|last=R.|first=Goeldner, Charles|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley|others=Ritchie, J.R. Brent.|isbn=978-0-470-38213-4|edition= Eleventh|location=Hoboken, N.J.|oclc=261135450}}</ref>

===Doom tourism===
[[File:Perito Moreno Glacier 2023.jpg|thumb|[[Perito Moreno Glacier]], [[Patagonia]], [[Argentina]]]]

Also known as "tourism of doom," or "last chance tourism", involves travelling to places that are environmentally or otherwise threatened (such as the ice caps of [[Mount Kilimanjaro]], the melting glaciers of [[Patagonia]], or the coral of the [[Great Barrier Reef]]) before it is too late. The trend emerged in the 21st century, identified in 2007 by travel trade magazine in 2007<ref>{{cite web|last=Shapiro |first=Kenneth |url=http://www.travelagewest.com/Travel-News/Viewpoint/The-Tourism-of-Doom/ |title=The Tourism of Doom |publisher=TravelAge West |date=11 May 2007 |access-date=}}</ref> and explored in ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{cite news|last=Salkin |first=Allen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/16/world/americas/16iht-tourism.1.8762449.html |title='Tourism of doom' on rise|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 December 2007 |access-date=30 October 2012}}</ref> This type of tourism has been on the rise. Some see the trend as related to [[sustainable tourism]] or [[ecotourism]] due to the fact that a number of these tourist destinations are considered threatened by environmental factors such as global warming, overpopulation or climate change. Others worry that travel to many of these threatened locations increases an individual's [[carbon footprint]] and only hastens problems threatened locations are already facing.<ref>Lemelin, H., Dawson, J., & Stewart, E.J. (Eds.). (2013). Last chance tourism: adapting tourism opportunities in a changing world. Routledge.</ref><ref>Frew, E. (2008). Climate change and doom tourism: Advertising destinations 'before they disappear'. In J. Fountain & K. Moore (Chair), Symposium conducted at the meeting of the New Zealand Tourism & Hospitality Research Conference.</ref><ref>Hall, C.M. (2010). Crisis events in tourism: subjects of crisis in tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(5), 401–17.</ref> As of 2024, climate change has been making Last Chance Tourism more popular, and riskier. In August 2024, an American was killed visiting an ice cave at the foot of the Breidamerkurjokull glacier.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-09-04 |title=Climate Change Is Making 'Last Chance Tourism' More Popular, and Riskier |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/03/briefing/last-chance-tourism.html |work=NYT}}</ref>

===Religious tourism===
{{Main|Religious tourism}}
[[File:Saint Peter's Basilica facade, Rome, Italy.jpg |thumb |[[St. Peter's Basilica]] in [[Vatican City]], the papal enclave within the Italian city of Rome, one of the largest religious tourism sites in the world]]

Religious tourism, in particular [[pilgrimage]], can serve to strengthen [[faith]] and to demonstrate devotion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jafari |first1=Jafar |last2=Scott |first2=Noel |date=1 January 2014 |title=Muslim world and its tourisms |journal=Annals of Tourism Research |volume=44 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1016/j.annals.2013.08.011 |hdl=10072/63617 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:307952/Muslim_World_and_it_Tourisms.pdf |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Religious tourists may seek destinations whose image encourages them to believe that they can strengthen the religious elements of their [[self-identity]] in a positive manner. Given this, the perceived image of a destination may be positively influenced by whether it conforms to the requirements of their religious self-identity or not.<ref>Compare:
{{Cite journal |last1=Gannon |first1=Martin Joseph |last2=Baxter |first2=Ian W.F. |last3=Collinson |first3=Elaine |last4=Curran |first4=Ross |last5=Farrington |first5=Thomas |last6=Glasgow |first6=Steven |last7=Godsman |first7=Elliot M. |last8=Gori |first8=Keith |last9=Jack |first9=Gordon R.A. |date=11 June 2017 |title=Travelling for Umrah: destination attributes, destination image, and post-travel intentions |journal=The Service Industries Journal |volume=37 |issue=7–8 |pages=448–65 |doi=10.1080/02642069.2017.1333601 |s2cid=54745153 |issn=0264-2069 |quote=The result from the structural model suggests that destination attributes influence perceived destination image. Further, such tourists are likely to revisit or recommend Islamic destinations if their experience matches their perceived image of the destination. This implies that, while the religious characteristics of the destination remain important, destination managers cannot disregard the tangential, non-religious attributes of a destination which are crucial in order to satisfy more conventional tourist desires. |url=http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/70393/3/Umrah-SIJ-2017.pdf}}</ref>

=== DNA tourism ===
DNA tourism, also called "ancestry tourism" or "heritage travel", is tourism based on DNA testing. These tourists visit their remote relatives or places where their ancestors came from, or where their relatives reside, based on the results of DNA tests. DNA tourism became a growing trend in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/better/pop-culture/why-dna-travel-may-be-big-travel-trend-2019-ncna942161|title=Why DNA tourism may be the big travel trend of 2019|website=NBC News|language=en|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/9/18/20862468/heritage-african-american-ancestry-23-and-me-dna-testing|title="Heritage travel" is surging in the era of DNA testing. It has a special significance for black Americans.|last=Okona|first=Nneka M.|date=18 September 2019|website=Vox|language=en|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>

=== Sleep tourism ===
{{Main|Sleep tourism}}
Sleep tourism focuses on medical treatments or other approaches, and may focus on people who have difficulty falling asleep, people who experience interrupted sleep, people who don't feel rested after sleeping, snoring, breathing difficulties, and dreaming.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Elizabeth |date=2025-03-15 |title=What is sleep tourism and why is it on the rise? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/what-is-sleep-tourism-and-why-is-it-on-the-rise?rid=83CA7C5A35C6F999E636CEE11C09DF0C&cmpid=org=ngp::mc=crm-email::src=ngp::cmp=editorial::add=Compass_20250315&loggedin=true&rnd=1742063023852 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=[[National Geographic]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Impacts on destinations==
{{Main|Impacts of tourism}}
{{Excerpt|Impacts of tourism}}

== Tourism industry growth ==
[[File:AYRIVANK MONASTERY 103 (cropped).JPG|thumb|140px|[[Cultural tourism]]: tourists outside a [[Geghard]] monastery in [[Armenia]], 2015]]

In 2004 the [[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO) forecasts that international tourism will continue growing at the average annual rate of 4 percent.<ref name="predict">{{cite web| year = 2004| url = http://www.world-tourism.org/market_research/facts/market_trends.htm| title = Long-term Prospects: Tourism 2020 Vision| publisher = World Tourism| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040619001112/http://www.world-tourism.org/market_research/facts/market_trends.htm| archive-date = 19 June 2004}}</ref> With the advent of [[electronic commerce|e-commerce]], tourism products have become prominent traded items on the internet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/topics/2704/online-travel-market/|title=Online travel market - Statistics & Facts|last=Lock|first=S.|date=3 July 2018|website=Statista}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/499694/forecast-of-online-travel-sales-worldwide/|title=Digital travel sales worldwide from 2014 to 2020|last=Statista Research Department|date=23 July 2019|website=Statista}}</ref> Tourism products and services have been made available through intermediaries, although tourism providers (hotels, airlines, etc.), including small-scale operators, can sell their services directly.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=Jie|last2=Lu|first2=Zi|date=1 July 2004|title=Development, Distribution and Evaluation of Online Tourism Services in China|journal=Electronic Commerce Research|language=en|volume=4|issue=3|pages=221–39|doi=10.1023/B:ELEC.0000027981.81945.2a|s2cid=6473875|issn=1389-5753}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karanasios|first1=Stan|last2=Burgess|first2=Stephen|date=1 March 2008|title=Tourism and internet adoption: a developing world perspective|journal=International Journal of Tourism Research|language=en|volume=10|issue=2|pages=169–82|doi=10.1002/jtr.649|issn=1522-1970}}</ref>

As a result of the [[late-2000s recession]], international arrivals experienced a strong slowdown beginning in June 2008. Growth from 2007 to 2008 was only 3.7 percent during the first eight months of 2008. This slowdown on international tourism demand was also reflected in the air transport industry, with negative growth in September 2008 and a 3.3% growth in passenger traffic through September. The hotel industry also reported a slowdown, with room occupancy declining. In 2009 worldwide tourism arrivals decreased by 3.8 percent.<ref name="UNWTO">{{cite web|last=UNWTO|title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights|url=http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enhr_1.pdf|publisher=UNWTO|access-date=2 May 2012|archive-date=5 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105081502/http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enhr_1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> By the first quarter of 2009, real travel demand in the United States had fallen 6 percent over six quarters. While this was considerably milder than what occurred after the [[September 11 attacks]], the decline was at twice the rate, as real GDP has fallen.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/economics/commerce/tourism-impacts-world-economic-crisis-north-america/ | title=Impacts of the World Recession and Economic Crisis on Tourism: North America}} JournalistsResource.org. Retrieved 22 June 2012</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ritchie | first1 = J.R. Brent | last2 = Amaya Molinar | first2 = Carlos Mario | last3 = Frechtling | first3 = Douglas C. | year = 2011 | title = Impacts of the World Recession and Economic Crisis on Tourism: North America | journal = Journal of Travel Research | volume = 49 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–15 | doi = 10.1177/0047287509353193 | s2cid = 154854770 }}</ref> However, evidence suggests that tourism as a global phenomenon shows no signs of substantially abating in the long term.<ref>Spencer, A., Tarlow, P. E., Gowreesunkar, V. G., Maingi, S. W., Roy, H., Micera, R., ... & Lane, W. (2021). Tourism Destination Management in a Post-Pandemic Context, New York, Emerald.</ref> The UNWTO has noted, that tourists increasingly view vacations and travel as a necessity rather than a luxury, and that this shift in attitudes may explain tourist numbers recovering globally in 2009.<ref name="UNWTO" />

It has been suggested there is a strong correlation between tourism expenditure per capita and the degree to which countries play in the global context.<ref name="correl">{{cite web| year = 2007| url = http://global-culture.org/blog/2007/01/27/airports-tourists/| title = airports & tourists| publisher = Global Culture| access-date = 1 May 2007| archive-date = 5 June 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090605113933/http://global-culture.org/blog/2007/01/27/airports-tourists/| url-status = dead}}</ref> Not only as a result of the important economic contribution of the tourism industry, but also as an indicator of the degree of confidence with which global citizens leverage the resources of the globe for the benefit of their [[Community-based economics|local economies]]. This is why any projections of growth in tourism may serve as an indication of the relative influence that each country will exercise in the future.

=== Liabilities and insurance ===
After the [[September 11 attacks]] the tourism industry operators had to consider the health and safety of tourists because it became increasingly difficult to obtain [[liability insurance]]. The organisations willing to provide [[insurance]] to tourism industry operators required, that operators put in place [[best practice]] risk management structures. This included, that whatever was promised in the contract about the holiday was really delivered by the operator.<ref>{{Cite book|date=2013|title=Managing Tourist Health and Safety in the New Millennium|publisher=Taylor & Francis |editor1= Jeff Wilks |editor2=Stephen J Stephen |isbn=9781136381348}}</ref>

=== Space tourism ===
{{Main|Space tourism}}

[[File:White Knight Two and SpaceShipTwo from directly below.jpg|thumb|right|[[SpaceShipTwo]], a major project in [[space tourism]]]]

There has been a limited amount of orbital [[space tourism]], with only the [[Russian Space Agency]] providing transport to date. A 2010 report into space tourism anticipated that it could become a billion-dollar market by 2030.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Economic Impact of Commercial Space Transportation on the U. S Economy in 2009|url=http://www.faa.gov/news/updates/media/Economic%20Impact%20Study%20September%202010_20101026_PS.pdf|access-date=5 May 2012|publisher=Federal Aviation Administration|date=September 2010|page=11}}</ref><ref>Cohen, E. (2017). The paradoxes of space tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 42(1), 22-31.</ref> The space market has been around since 1979, however, there has been a limited amount of orbital [[space tourism]], with only the [[Russian Space Agency]] providing transport on its [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] and the Chinese [[Shenzhou (spacecraft)|Shenzhou]] being the only two spacecrafts suitable for human travel . In April 2001, Dennis Tito, a customer of the Russian Soyuz became the first tourist to visit space. In May 2011, [[Virgin Galactic]] launched its [[SpaceShipTwo]] plane that allows people to travel 2 hours space at the advertised price of $200,000 per seat. A challenge that the commercial space tourism industry faces is to be able to have fundings from private investments needed to lower the cost of access to space in addition to being able to encourage both private and public sector support to increase capacity to allow commercial passengers. With space tourism still being new concept, there are many factors that needs to be considered for the industry. From its actual demand to its risk factor to its liabilities and insurance issues, there are still a lot of research that needs to be conducted. A 2010 report into space tourism anticipated that the industry is expected to grow by 18% - 26% per year during 2020 to 2030.

=== Sports tourism ===
{{Main|Sports tourism}}
Sports tourism that attracts spectators is associated with negative impacts such as traffic congestion, vandalism, and anti-social behaviour. Sports tourist destinations may therefore be subject public displays of resentment and antagonism even though the host community benefits substantially. Sports tourism growth and decline can be subject to international commercial sporting events. For example, the irreversible environmental damage caused by the [[1992 Winter Olympics]] is cited as a reason for stagnating ski tourism.<ref>{{Cite book|date=2007|author1=James Higham|title=Sport Tourism Destinations|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781136364617|page=225}}</ref>

=== Security in Tourism ===
Security in Tourism is a sub-discipline of tourist studies that explores the factors that affect the ontological security of tourists. Risks are evaluated by their impact and nature.<ref>Mansfeld, Y., & Pizam, A. (Eds.). (2006). Tourism, security and safety. Routledge.</ref> Tourism security includes methodologies, theories and techniques oriented to protect the organic image of tourist destinations.<ref>Tarlow, P. (2014). Tourism security: strategies for effectively managing travel risk and safety. Elsevier.</ref> Three academic waves are significant in tourism security: risk perception theory, disaster management, and post-disaster consumption.<ref>Vanessa GB Gowreesunkar et al. 2020. Tourism Destination Management in a Post-Pandemic Context: Global Issues and Destination Management Solutions, Emerald</ref>

Andrew Spencer & Peter Tarlow argue that tourism security is not an easy concept to define. It includes a set of sub-disciplines, and global risks different in nature which cause different effects in the tourism industry. The rise of tourism security and safety as a consolidated discipline coincides with the globalization and ultimate maturation of the industry worldwide. Some threats include, for example, terrorist groups looking to destabilize governments affecting not only the local economies but killing foreign tourists to cause geopolitical tensions between delivery-country and receiving-tourist countries. Today, island destinations are more affected by terrorism and other global risks than other continent destinations <ref>{{Cite book|date=2014|title=Tourism Security|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/C2012-0-06812-3|doi=10.1016/c2012-0-06812-3|isbn=9780124115705}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Spencer|first1=Andrew|title=Introduction|date=2021-02-22|url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/978-1-80071-318-520211003/full/html|work=Tourism Safety and Security for the Caribbean|pages=1–14|publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited|doi=10.1108/978-1-80071-318-520211003|isbn=978-1-80071-319-2|access-date=2021-11-30|last2=Tarlow|first2=Peter|s2cid=240831742}}</ref>

=== Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic ===
{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism}}

In 2020 the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] travel bans and a substantial reduction in passenger travel by air and sea contributed to a [[impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism|sharp decline in tourism activity]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tate |first=Curtis |title=International tourism won't come back until late 2021, UN panel predicts |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/2020/10/27/international-tourism-rebound-late-2021-un-panel-covid-19/3748489001/ |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=USA TODAY }}</ref> The [[World Tourism Organization|World Tourism Organization (WTO)]] reported a 70% decrease in international travel in 2020, where 165 of 217 worldwide destinations completely stopped international tourism by April 2020. Since every country imposes different travel restrictions, it makes traveling plans complicated and often too difficult to figure out, thus the willingness to travel for the general population decreases. It is estimated that the United States lost 147 billion U.S. dollars in revenue from tourism between January and October 2020. Spain had the next highest loss of revenue at around 46.7 billion U.S dollars, and countries in Africa collectively lost about 55 billion dollars during April and June 2020.{{citation needed||date=July 2024}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Society}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{annotated link|Business tourism}}
* {{annotated link|Cultural travel}}
* {{annotated link|Environmental effects of aviation}}
* {{annotated link|International tourism advertising}}
* {{annotated link|Medical tourism}}
* {{annotated link|Outline of tourism}}
* {{annotated link|Overtourism}}
* {{annotated link|Science tourism}}
* {{annotated link|Scuba diving tourism}}
* {{annotated link|Sex tourism}}
* {{annotated link|Snorkeling}}
* {{Annotated link|Terminal tourism}}
* {{annotated link|Tombstone tourist}}
* {{annotated link|Tour guide}}
* {{annotated link|Tourist attraction}}
* {{annotated link|Touron}}
* {{annotated link|Travel agency}}
* {{annotated link|Travel visa}}
* {{annotated link|World Tourism rankings}}
* {{annotated link|Tourismphobia}}
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{see also|Bibliography of tourism}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Costa | first1 = P | year = 1991 | title = Managing tourism carrying capacity of art cities | journal = The Tourist Review | volume = 46 | issue = 4| pages = 8–11 | doi = 10.1108/eb058076 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Garlick | first1 = S | year = 2002 | title = Revealing the unseen: Tourism, art and photography | journal = Cultural Studies | volume = 16 | issue = 2| pages = 289–305 | doi = 10.1080/09502380110107599 | s2cid = 143902911 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Gartner | first1 = W.C. | year = 1993 | title = Image formation process | journal = Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing | volume = 2 | issue = 2–3| pages = 191–216 | doi = 10.1300/j073v02n02_12 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Hughes | first1 = H.L. | year = 1989 | title = Tourism and the arts | journal = Tourism Management | volume = 10 | issue = 2| pages = 97–99 | doi = 10.1016/0261-5177(89)90050-2 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Phelps | first1 = A | year = 1986 | title = Holiday destination image: The problem of assessment—an example developed in Minorca | journal = Tourism Management | volume = 7 | issue = 3| pages = 168–80 | doi = 10.1016/0261-5177(86)90003-8 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Richardson | first1 = S. | last2 = Crompton | first2 = J. | year = 1988 | title = Cultural variations in perceptions of vacation attributes | journal = Tourism Management | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 128–36 | doi = 10.1016/0261-5177(88)90022-2 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite thesis |degree=M.P.A.|title=An Empirical Analysis of the State's Monopolization of the Legitimate Means of Movement: Evaluating the Effects of Required Passport use on International Travel|url=http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/308/|last=Holder IV|first=Floyd William|year=2009|publisher= Texas State University-San Marcos|docket=''Applied Research Projects''. Paper 308|oclc=564144593}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Wilkerson|first1=Chad|year=2003|title=Travel and Tourism: An Overlooked Industry in the U.S. and Tenth District|journal=Economic Review|issn=0161-2387|volume=88|issue=Third Quarter|pages=45–72|url=http://www.kc.frb.org/publicat/econrev/Pdf/3q03wilk.pdf|oclc=295437935|access-date=31 October 2007|archive-date=9 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109064443/http://www.kc.frb.org/publicat/econrev/PDF/3q03wilk.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* Antje Monshausen, [http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/tourism-can-be-made-sustainable-if-industry-respects-local-people-and-protects-environment ''Sustainable and development friendly''] In: D+C Vol.42.2015:4

==External links==
<!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================
   | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia  |
   | is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. |
   |                                                                     |
   |           Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED.         |
   | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details.  |
   |                                                                     |
   | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or   |
   | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link |
   | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org)   |
   | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template.         |
==={{No more links}}=========-->
{{Sister project links|Tourism|voy=Travel topics}}

{{Tourism}}
{{Tourism in Africa}}
{{Tourism in Asia}}
{{Tourism in Europe}}
{{Tourism in North America}}
{{Tourism in Oceania}}
{{Tourism in South America}}
{{Industries|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tourism| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:1770s neologisms]]