Editing Toulouse (section)

===Kingdom of France===
In 1271, Joan of Toulouse and her husband Alphonse of Poitiers died without heirs. Toulouse, which since the treaty of 1229 had been subordinate to the [[kingdom of France]], no longer had a count and was annexed to [[Crown lands of France#Reign of Philip III|the royal domain]].<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/> The installation of numerous royal officers and the development of trade and crafts, which favoured the social ascension of merchants, renewed the city's elites. In 1298, [[Philip IV of France|King Philip the Fair]] greatly facilitated the possibility of ennobling the capitouls, whose council, renewed every year, was increasingly made up of rich merchants.<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/>

The first half of the 14th century was a prosperous period, despite the dismemberment in 1317 of the very large bishopric of Toulouse (which lost two thirds of its area and a large part of its income, a loss only partially compensated by its elevation to the rank of archbishopric), and the episode of the [[Shepherds' Crusade (1320)|Shepherds' Crusade]] which brought a [[pogrom]] against Toulouse's Jewish population in 1320.<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/03/is-it-time-for-the-jews-to-leave-europe/386279/." |title=Goldberg, Jeffrey. "Is it Time for the Jews to Leave Europe?" The Atlantic. April 2015. |website=[[The Atlantic]] |date=16 March 2015 |access-date=21 March 2015}}</ref> In 1335, Toulouse had between 35,000 and 40,000 inhabitants.<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/>

In 1323, the ''[[Consistori del Gay Saber]]'' was created in Toulouse to preserve the [[Lyric poetry|lyric art]] of the [[troubadour]]s by organizing a poetry contest; and Toulouse became the centre of [[Occitania|Occitan]] literary culture for the following centuries. The ''Consistori'' is considered to be the oldest literary society in Europe, at the origin of one of the most sophisticated [[Leys d'amor|treatise]] on grammar and rhetoric of the Middle Ages, and in 1694 it was transformed into the Royal Academy of the [[Floral Games]] (''Académie des Jeux Floraux''), still active today, by king [[Louis XIV]].<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/>

The 14th century also saw a significant increase in the influence of the University of Toulouse, particularly following the move of the papacy from Rome to Avignon. Many law graduates from the University of Toulouse had brilliant careers in the [[Avignon Papacy|Avignon curia]], several became cardinals and three became popes: [[Pope John XXII|John XXII]], [[Pope Innocent VI|Innocent VI]] and [[Pope Urban V|Urban V]]. These powerful prelates financed the establishment of colleges in the university towns of southern France, not only Toulouse but also Montpellier, Cahors and Avignon.<ref name="Cyril Eugene Smith">Cyril Eugene Smith: "University of Toulouse in the middle ages, its origins and growth to 1500 AD." Ed. The Marquette university press, 1958.</ref>

The [[Black Death]] in 1348, then the [[Hundred Years' War]] caused a major crisis that lasted until the following century.<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/> Despite strong immigration, the population lost more than 10,000 inhabitants in 70 years. By 1405 Toulouse had only 19,000 people.<ref>Biraben, Jean-Noël. ''La Population de Toulouse au XIVe et au XVe siècles [Pierre Wolff, Les Estimes toulousaines du XIVe et XVe siècles]''. Journal des savants, 1964, p. 300.</ref> In these hardships, the city was the key stronghold of the French defence in the south of France during the worst years of the Hundred Years' War, when the English troops from Aquitaine had taken Montauban and only Toulouse remained as an obstacle to their conquest of southern France. This military threat to the city and especially to the surrounding countryside was not conducive to its development, despite the strengthening of ties with the royalty that it entailed.<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/>

In 1369, pope [[Urban V]] attributed to the Dominican church of the [[Church of the Jacobins|Jacobins of Toulouse]] the bones of the Dominican theologian [[Thomas Aquinas|Saint Thomas Aquinas]], perhaps to honor the city that had been the cradle of the Dominican order at the beginning of the previous century.<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/>

The political and economic situation improved by the middle of the 15th century.<ref>Brumont, Francis. ''La commercialisation du pastel toulousain (1350–1600)''. Privat presse, 1994, p. 27.</ref> In 1443 King [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]] established the second [[Parlement of Toulouse|parlement]] of France after that of Paris. Reinforcing its place as an administrative and judicial center, the city grew richer, participating in the trade of [[Bordeaux wine]] with England, as well as cereals and textiles. A major source of income was the production and export of ''pastel'', a blue dye made from [[Isatis tinctoria|woad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.terredepastel.com/le-pastel// |title=terredepastel.com |publisher=terredepastel.com |access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref>

Toulouse suffered several fires, but it was in 1463 that the Great Fire of Toulouse broke out, ravaging the city for fifteen days. After this dramatic event, King Louis XIII exempted the city from taxes for 100 years. The capitouls issued municipal decrees favouring the use of brick in buildings, rather than excessively flammable wood or cob.<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/>

In the 16th century, and until 1562, the economy of Toulouse experienced a golden age: its parlement made it the judicial capital of a large part of southern France, and the city became the first European centre for the trade in woad, the only blue dye then known in Europe which was very much in demand in the textile industry at the time. Its humanist milieu developed thanks to its university and parlement, which trained and attracted intellectual elites. The wealth generated by this culturally and economically dynamic environment is the source of the superb [[Renaissance architecture of Toulouse|Renaissance mansions]] in Toulouse. In 1550 the population of the city made it the second or third largest city in France. It was estimated to have 50,000 inhabitants, a figure it would not regain until the 18th century.<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/><ref name="Toulouse-renaissance">Collective work directed by Pascal Julien, «catalogue de l'exposition Toulouse Renaissance» ("Toulouse Renaissance exhibition catalogue"), Somogy éditions d'art, 2018.</ref>

In 1562, the [[French Wars of Religion]] began and Toulouse became an ultra-Catholic stronghold in a predominantly [[Huguenots|Huguenot]] region, the era of economic prosperity came to an end. The governor of Languedoc, [[Henri II de Montmorency]], who had rebelled, was executed in 1632 in the [[Capitole de Toulouse|Capitole]] in the presence of King [[Louis XIII]] and [[Cardinal Richelieu]].<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/>

In 1666, [[Pierre-Paul Riquet]] started the construction of the [[Canal du Midi]] which links Toulouse to the Mediterranean Sea, and is considered one of the greatest construction works of the 17th century. Completed in 1681, the canal stimulated the economy of Toulouse by promoting the export of cereals and the import of olive oil, wine and other goods from the Mediterranean regions.<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/>

In the 18th century, Toulouse was a provincial capital that prided itself on its royal academies (the only city in France, along with Paris, to have three royal academies), but sometimes seemed far removed from the debates of ideas that agitated the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]].<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/><ref>Michel Taillefer, "''Toulouse au temps des Lumières : L'Académie des Sciences, Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres de Toulouse au XVIIIe siècle''".</ref> A famous example illustrates this backwardness of Toulouse mentalities of the time: in 1762 its powerful parlement sentenced [[Jean Calas]] to death. The philosopher [[Voltaire]] then accused the Parlement of Toulouse of religious intolerance (Calas was a Huguenot), gave the affair a European repercussion and succeeded in having the judgment of the parlement quashed by the King's Council, which did much damage to the reputation of the parlement. It was on this occasion that Voltaire published one of his major philosophical works: his famous ''[[Treatise on Tolerance]]''.

With the [[French Revolution]] of 1789 and the reform or suppression of all royal institutions, Toulouse lost much of its power and influence: until then the capital of the vast province of Languedoc, with a parlement ruling over an even larger territory, the city then found itself simply at the head of the single small department of [[Haute-Garonne]].<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/>