Editing Tocharian languages (section)

===Nouns===
Tocharian has completely re-worked the [[declension|nominal declension]] system of Proto-Indo-European.{{sfnp|Beekes|1995|p=92}} The only cases inherited from the proto-language are nominative, genitive, [[accusative case|accusative]], and (in Tocharian B only) vocative; in Tocharian the old accusative is known as the ''oblique'' case. In addition to these primary cases, however, each Tocharian language has six cases formed by the addition of an invariant suffix to the oblique case — although the set of six cases is not the same in each language, and the suffixes are largely non-cognate. For example, the Tocharian word ''{{IAST|yakwe}}'' (Toch B), ''{{IAST|yuk}}'' (Toch A) "horse" < PIE ''*eḱwos'' is declined as follows:<ref name="Tocharian Online" />

{| class=wikitable
|-
! rowspan=2|[[Grammatical case|Case]]
! colspan=3|Tocharian B
! colspan=3|Tocharian A
|-
! [[Suffix]]
! [[Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[Plural]]
! [[Suffix]]
! [[Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[Plural]]
|-
| [[nominative case|Nominative]]
| —
| {{IAST|yakwe}}
| {{IAST|yakwi}}
| —
| {{IAST|yuk}}
| {{IAST|yukañ}}
|-
| [[vocative case|Vocative]]
| —
| {{IAST|yakwa}}
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| [[genitive case|Genitive]]
| —
| {{IAST|yäkwentse}}
| {{IAST|yäkweṃtsi}}
| —
| {{IAST|yukes}}
| {{IAST|yukāśśi}}
|-
| [[oblique case|Oblique]]
| —
| {{IAST|yakwe}}
| {{IAST|yakweṃ}}
| —
| {{IAST|yuk}}
| {{IAST|yukas}}
|-
| [[instrumental case|Instrumental]]
| —
| —
| —
| -yo
| {{IAST|yukyo}}
| {{IAST|yukasyo}}
|-
| [[Perlative case|Perlative]]
| -sa
| {{IAST|yakwesa}}
| {{IAST|yakwentsa}}
| -ā
| {{IAST|yukā}}
| {{IAST|yukasā}}
|-
| [[comitative case|Comitative]]
| -mpa
| {{IAST|yakwempa}}
| {{IAST|yakweṃmpa}}
| -aśśäl
| {{IAST|yukaśśäl}}
| {{IAST|yukasaśśäl}}
|-
| [[allative case|Allative]]
| -ś(c)
| {{IAST|yakweś(c)}}
| {{IAST|yakweṃś(c)}}
| -ac
| {{IAST|yukac}}
| {{IAST|yukasac}}
|-
| [[ablative case|Ablative]]
| {{IAST|-meṃ}}
| {{IAST|yakwemeṃ}}
| {{IAST|yakweṃmeṃ}}
| {{IAST|-äṣ}}
| {{IAST|yukäṣ}}
| {{IAST|yukasäṣ}}
|-
| [[locative case|Locative]]
| {{IAST|-ne}}
| {{IAST|yakwene}}
| {{IAST|yakweṃne}}
| {{IAST|-aṃ}}
| {{IAST|yukaṃ}}
| {{IAST|yukasaṃ}}
|-
| [[causative case|Causative]]
| {{IAST|-ñ}}
| {{IAST|yakweñ}}
| {{IAST|yakweṃñ}}
| —
| —
| —
|}

The Tocharian A instrumental case rarely occurs with humans.

When referring to humans, the oblique singular of most adjectives and of some nouns is marked in both varieties by an ending ''-(a)ṃ'', which also appears in the secondary cases. An example is ''{{IAST|eṅkwe}}'' (Toch B), ''{{IAST|oṅk}}'' (Toch A) "man", which belongs to the same declension as above, but has oblique singular ''{{IAST|eṅkweṃ}}'' (Toch B), ''{{IAST|oṅkaṃ}}'' (Toch A), and corresponding oblique stems ''{{IAST|eṅkweṃ-}}'' (Toch B), ''{{IAST|oṅkn-}}'' (Toch A) for the secondary cases. This is thought to stem from the generalization of ''n''-stem adjectives as an indication of determinative semantics, seen most prominently in the weak adjective declension in the [[Germanic languages]] (where it cooccurs with definite articles and determiners), but also in Latin and Greek ''n''-stem nouns (especially proper names) formed from adjectives, e.g. Latin ''Catō'' (genitive ''Catōnis'') literally "the sly one" < ''catus'' "sly",<ref>{{cite dictionary |dictionary=A Latin Dictionary |date=1879 |first1=Charlton T. |last1=Lewis |first2=Charles |last2=Short |title=Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Căto |publisher=Clarendon Press |via=the [[Perseus Project]] |entry=Cato |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DCato |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507004317/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DCato |archive-date=2022-05-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |dictionary=A Latin Dictionary |date=1879 |first1=Charlton T. |last1=Lewis |first2=Charles |last2=Short |title=Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, C , cătillātĭo , cătus |publisher=Clarendon Press |via=the [[Perseus Project]] |entry=catus |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DC%3Aentry+group%3D25%3Aentry%3Dcatus1 |archive-date=2022-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507004733/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DC%3Aentry+group%3D25%3Aentry%3Dcatus1}}</ref> Greek ''Plátōn'' literally "the broad-shouldered one" < ''platús'' "broad".<ref name="Tocharian Online" />