Editing Titans (section)

==After the Titanomachy==
[[File:Oceanus (Trevi fountain).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|175px| [[Oceanus]], [[Trevi Fountain]], [[Rome]]]]

After being overthrown in the Titanomachy, Cronus and his fellow vanquished Titans were cast into Tartarus:
{{blockquote|That is where the Titan gods are hidden under murky gloom by the plans of the cloud-gatherer Zeus, in a dank place, at the farthest part of huge earth. They cannot get out, for Poseidon has set bronze gates upon it, and a wall is extended on both sides.<ref>[[Hesiod]], [[Theogony]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.61.xml 729&ndash;734], translation by [[Glenn W. Most]].</ref>}}

However, besides Cronus, exactly which of the other Titans were supposed to have been imprisoned in Tartarus is unclear.<ref>Gantz, pp. 45&ndash;46.</ref> The only original Titan, mentioned by name, as being confined with Cronus in Tartarus, is [[Iapetus]].<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.469-8.511 8.478&ndash;481].</ref>

But, not all the Titans were imprisoned there. Certainly [[Oceanus]], the great world encircling river, seems to have remained free, and in fact, seems not to have fought on the Titans' side at all.<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 p. 11]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA37 p. 37]; Gantz, pp. 28, 46; West 1983, p. 119.</ref>  In Hesiod, Oceanus sends his daughter [[Styx]], with her children [[Zelus]] (Envy), [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]] (Victory), [[Kratos (mythology)|Kratos]] (Power), and [[Bia (mythology)|Bia]] (Force), to fight on Zeus' side against the Titans,<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:371-403 337&ndash;398]. The translations of the names used here follow Caldwell, p. 8.</ref> while in the ''Iliad'', Hera says that, during the Titanomachy, she was cared for by Oceanus and his wife the Titaness [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]].<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.193-14.241 14.200&ndash;204].</ref> [[Aeschylus]]' ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'', has Oceanus free to visit his nephew [[Prometheus]] sometime after the war.<ref>[[Aeschylus]] (?), ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:279-299 286&ndash;289].</ref> Like Oceanus, Helios, the Titan son of Hyperion, certainly remained free to drive his sun-chariot daily across the sky, taking an active part in events subsequent to the Titanomachy.<ref>Gantz, pp. 30&ndash;31.</ref> The freedom of Oceanus, along with Helios (Sun), and perhaps Hyperion (to the extent that he also represented the Sun), would seem to be the result of cosmological necessity, for how could a world encircling river, or the Sun, be confined in Tartarus?<ref>Gantz, p. 46; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA37 p. 37].</ref>

[[File:La tortura de Prometeo, por Salvator Rosa.jpg|thumb|left|175px|''The Torture of Prometheus'', painting by [[Salvator Rosa]] (1646–1648).]]

As for other male offspring of the Titans, some seem to have participated in the Titanomachy, and were punished as a result, and others did not, or at least (like Helios) remained free. Three of Iapetus' sons, [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]], [[Menoetius]], and Prometheus are specifically connected by ancient sources with the war. In the ''Theogony'' both Atlas and Menoetius  received punishments from Zeus, but Hesiod does not say for what crime exactly they were punished.<ref>Gantz, pp. 46, 154.</ref> Atlas was famously punished by Zeus, by being forced to hold up the sky on his shoulders, but none of the early sources for this story (Hesiod, Homer, [[Pindar]], and [[Aeschylus]]) say that his punishment was as a result of the war.<ref>Gantz, p. 46.</ref> According to Hyginus however, Atlas led the Titans in a revolt against Zeus (Jupiter).<ref>Gantz, p. 45; West 1966, p. 308 on line 509; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 150.</ref> The ''Theogony'' has Menoetius struck down by Zeus' thunderbolt and cast into [[Erebus]] "because of his mad presumption and exceeding pride".<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]''  [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:507-544 514&ndash;516].</ref> Whether Hesiod was using Erebus as another name for Tartarus (as was sometimes done), or meant that Menoetius's punishment was because of his participation in the Titanomachy is unclear, and no other early source mentions this event, however Apollodorus says that it was.<ref>Gantz, pp. 40, 154; West 1966, p. 308 on line 510; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.3 1.2.3].</ref> Hesiod does not mention Prometheus in connection with the Titanomachy, but Prometheus does remain free, in the ''Theogony'', for his [[Trick at Mecone|deception of Zeus at Mecone]] and his subsequent [[theft of fire]], for which transgressions Prometheus was famously punished by Zeus by being chained to a rock where an eagle came to eat his "immortal liver" every day, which then grew back every night.<ref>Gantz, pp. 40, 154&ndash;166; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:507-544 521&ndash;534].</ref> However [[Aeschylus]]'s ''[[Prometheus Bound]]''  (as mentioned above) does have Prometheus say that he was an ally of Zeus during the Titanomachy.<ref>[[Aeschylus]] (?), ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:196-243 201&ndash;223].</ref>

[[File:Apollo Tityos Leto Louvre G375.jpg|thumb|175px|Apollo piercing with his arrows Tityos, who has tried to rape his mother Leto (c. 450–440 BC)]]
The female Titans, to the extent that they are mentioned at all, appear also to have been allowed to remain free.<ref>Gantz, p. 46.</ref> Three of these, according to the ''Theogony'', become wives of [[Zeus]]: [[Themis]], [[Mnemosyne]], and [[Leto]], the daughter of the Titans [[Coeus]] and [[Phoebe (Titaness)|Phoebe]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 901&ndash;906, 915&ndash;920].</ref> [[Themis]] gives birth to the three [[Horae]] (Hours), and the three [[Moirai]] (Fates), and [[Mnemosyne]] gives birth to the nine [[Muses]]. Leto, who gives birth to the Olympians [[Apollo]] and [[Artemis]], takes an active part on the side of the Trojans in the ''Iliad'', and is also involved in the story of the giant [[Tityos]].<ref>Gantz, pp. 38&ndash;39; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.416-5.459 445&ndash;448], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:20.54-20.85 20.72], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:21.468-21.501 21.497&ndash;501], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:21.502-21.536 21.502&ndash;504], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:11.567-11.600 576&ndash;581].</ref> Tethys, presumably along with her husband Oceanus, took no part in the war, and, as mentioned above, provided safe refuge for Hera during the war. Rhea remains free and active after the war:<ref>Gantz, p. 44.</ref> appearing at Leto's delivery of Apollo,<ref>''Homeric Hymn to Apollo (3)'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:89-130 93].</ref> as Zeus' messenger to [[Demeter]] announcing the settlement concerning [[Persephone]],<ref>''Homeric Hymn to Demeter (2)'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:398-448 441&ndash;444].</ref> bringing [[Pelops]] back to life.<ref>[[Bacchylides]], fr. 42 Campbell, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/bacchylides-fragments/1992/pb_LCL461.295.xml pp. 294, 295].</ref>

===Possible release===
While in Hesiod's ''Theogony'', and Homer's ''Iliad'', Cronus and the other Titans are confined to Tartarus&mdash;apparently forever<ref>Gantz, p. 46;  Burkert 1985, p. 221; West 1966, p. 358.</ref>&mdash;another tradition, as indicated by later sources, seems to have had Cronus, or other of the Titans, being eventually set free.<ref>Gantz, pp. 46&ndash;48.</ref> [[Pindar]], in one of his poems (462 BC), says that, although Atlas still "strains against the weight of the sky ... Zeus freed the Titans",<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Pythian'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg002.perseus-eng1:4 4.289&ndash;291].</ref> and in another poem (476 BC), Pindar has Cronus, in fact, ruling in the [[Isles of the Blessed]], a land where the Greek heroes reside in the afterlife:<ref>Gantz, p. 47; West 1978, p. 195 on line 173a.</ref>
{{blockquote|Those who have persevered three times, on either side, to keep their souls free from all wrongdoing, follow Zeus' road to the end, to the tower of Cronus, where ocean breezes blow around the island of the blessed, and flowers of gold are blazing, some from splendid trees on land, while water nurtures others. With these wreaths and garlands of flowers they entwine their hands according to the righteous counsels of [[Rhadamanthys]], whom the great father, the husband of Rhea whose throne is above all others, keeps close beside him as his partner.<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Olympian'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2 2.69&ndash;77].</ref>}}

''Prometheus Lyomenos'', an undated lost play by [[Aeschylus]] (c. 525 &ndash; c. 455 BC), had a chorus composed of freed Titans. Possibly even earlier than Pindar and Aeschylus, two papyrus versions of a passage of Hesiods' ''[[Works and Days]]'' also mention Cronus being released by Zeus, and ruling over the heroes who go to the Isle of the Blessed; but other versions of Hesiod's text do not, and most editors judge these lines of text to be later interpolations.<ref>Gantz, pp. 46&ndash;47; West 1988, p. 76, note to line 173; West 1978, pp. 194&ndash;196, on lines 173a&ndash;e.</ref>