Editing Testicle (section)

===Gene and protein expression===
{{Further |Bioinformatics#Gene and protein expression}}

The [[human genome]] includes approximately 20,000 protein coding genes: 80% of these [[Gene expression|genes are expressed]] in adult testes.<ref name="Uhlén 1260419">{{Cite journal|last1=Uhlén|first1=Mathias|last2=Fagerberg|first2=Linn|last3=Hallström|first3=Björn M.|last4=Lindskog|first4=Cecilia|last5=Oksvold|first5=Per|last6=Mardinoglu|first6=Adil|last7=Sivertsson|first7=Åsa|last8=Kampf|first8=Caroline|last9=Sjöstedt|first9=Evelina|date=2015-01-23|title=Tissue-based map of the human proteome|journal=Science|language=en|volume=347|issue=6220|pages=1260419|doi=10.1126/science.1260419|issn=0036-8075|pmid=25613900|s2cid=802377}}</ref> The testes have the highest fraction of tissue type-specific genes compared to other organs and tissues.<ref name="Djureinovic 476–488">{{Cite journal|last1=Djureinovic|first1=D.|last2=Fagerberg|first2=L.|last3=Hallström|first3=B.|last4=Danielsson|first4=A.|last5=Lindskog|first5=C.|last6=Uhlén|first6=M.|last7=Pontén|first7=F.|date=2014-06-01|title=The human testis-specific proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling|journal=MHR: Basic Science of Reproductive Medicine|volume=20|issue=6|pages=476–488|doi=10.1093/molehr/gau018|pmid=24598113|issn=1360-9947|doi-access=free}}</ref> About 1000 of them are highly specific for the testes,<ref name="Uhlén 1260419"/> and about 2,200 show an elevated pattern of expression. A majority of these genes encode for proteins that are expressed in the seminiferous tubules and have functions related to spermatogenesis.<ref name="Djureinovic 476–488"/> Sperm cells express proteins that result in the development of [[flagella]]; these same proteins are expressed in the female in cells lining the [[fallopian tube]] and cause the development of [[cilia]]. Sperm cell flagella and fallopian tube cilia are [[Homology (biology)|homologous]] structures. The testis-specific proteins that show the highest level of expression are [[protamine]]s.<ref name="Hammoud">{{Cite book|last1=Hammoud|first1=S|last2=Carrell|first2=D.T.|title=Biennial Review of Infertility: Volume 2, 2011, Volume 2;Volume 2011|chapter=The Emerging Role of the Sperm Epigenome and its Potential Role in Development|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LgOGlCK_FMC&pg=PA184|date=2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-44-198456-2|page=184|access-date=2022-06-16|archive-date=2023-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160804/https://books.google.com/books?id=4LgOGlCK_FMC&pg=PA184|url-status=live}}</ref>