Editing Telephus (section)

==Iconography==

Over a hundred entries for Telephus are cataloged in the ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae]]'' (''LIMC'').<ref>Heres and Strauss, pp. 857&ndash;870, [[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' s.v. Telephos.</ref> Most representations associated with Telephus are late, with only a few earlier than the fourth century BC.<ref>Gantz, p. 451.</ref> Early examples include Attic [[red-figure]] pottery from as early as c. 510 BC, and East-Ionian [[engraved gems]] (c. 480 BC). Scenes showing Telephus suckled by a deer or holding Orestes hostage were particularly popular. Other scenes include either his wounding or his healing by Achilles. The most complete single account of the life of Telephus is depicted in the first-century BC [[Telephus frieze]].<ref>Stewart, p. 109.</ref>

===Telephus frieze===
{{main|Telephus frieze}}
[[File:Pergamon Altar - Telephus frieze - panel 42.jpg|thumb|Telephus threatens the infant Orestes, at Agamemnon's altar. Telephus frieze (panel 42), second century BC. [[Berlin]], [[Antikensammlung Berlin|Antikensammlung]] T.I.71 and 72.<ref>Heres and Strauss, pp. 860&ndash;861, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' Telephos 1 (plate 42); Schraudolph, pp. 72&ndash;73.</ref>]]
The [[Telephus frieze]] (between 180 and 156 BC)<ref>Dreyfus, p. 14. Heres, p. 101, gives reasons which suggest a date "between 165 and 159 B.C., or later".</ref> formed part of the decoration of the [[Pergamon Altar]]. The frieze adorned the inside walls of the colonnade that surrounded the raised interior court containing the sacrificial altar.<ref>Kästner, p. 70.</ref> It was nearly 60 meters in length,<ref>Kästner, p. 73.</ref> and was composed of around 74 marble panels each 1.58 meters high, of which 47 panels are completely or partially preserved.<ref>Kästner, p. 74.</ref>

The panels depict scenes from the life of Telephus, from events preceding his birth, to perhaps his death and heroizing.<ref>Heres, p. 83. For a detailed description of the iconography of frieze see, Heres and Strauss, pp. 857&ndash;862, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' Telephos 1.</ref> Panels have been interpreted as showing Heracles' first glimpse of Auge in an oak grove (panel 3); carpenters building the vessel in which Auge will be cast into the sea (panels 5&ndash;6); Teuthras finding Auge on the shore in Mysia (panel 10); Heracles discovering the abandoned Telephus being suckled by a lioness (panel 12); Telephus receiving arms from Auge, and leaving for the war against Idas (panels 16&ndash;18); Teuthras giving Auge to Telephus in marriage (panel 20); and Auge and Telephus, being startled by a serpent, and recognizing each other on their wedding night (panel 21).<ref>Heres, pp. 84&ndash;86.</ref> The next several panels have been interpreted as depicting the battle between the Mysians and the Greeks on the [[Caicus]] plain, including Hiera, Telephus' Amazon-like wife, leading a group of Mysian women cavalry into battle (panels 22&ndash;24) and Achilles, aided by Dionysus, wounding Telephus (panels 30&ndash;31).<ref>Heres, pp. 86&ndash;89.</ref> Scenes follow which have been interpreted as showing Telephus consulting the oracle of Apollo regarding the healing of his wound (panel 1); Telephus arriving at Argos, seeking a cure for his wound (panels 34&ndash;35); his welcome there (panels 36&ndash;38); a banquet at Argos during which Telephus' identity is revealed (panels 39&ndash;40); Telephus threatening the infant Orestes at an altar (panel 42); and presumably his healing by Achilles.<ref>Heres, pp. 89&ndash;93.</ref> Two final panels perhaps depict Telephus' death and heroizing (panels 47&ndash;48).<ref>Heres, p. 94.</ref>

===Suckled by a deer ===
The abandoned Telephus being suckled by a deer was a frequent iconographic motif.<ref>Heres and Strauss, pp. 862&ndash;865, section C. ''Telephos von der Hindin gesäugt'' (Telephus suckled by the hind) ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' Telephos 5&ndash;17, and section D. ''Herakles entdeckt Telephos'' (Heracles discovers Telephus) ''LIMC'' Telephos 18&ndash;42; comprising more than a third of the 101 entries for Telephus in the ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae]]''.</ref> Except for the Telephus frieze, which depicts the abandoned Telephus being suckled by a lioness, every other depiction of this event shows Telephus suckled by a deer.<ref>Heres, pp. 95&ndash;96.</ref> The earliest such representations occur on East-Ionian [[engraved gems]] (c. 480 BC), depicting the infant Telephus keeling or crawling under a standing deer, grasping the deer's teats.<ref>Heres and Strauss, p. 869, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' 6, 7.</ref> Nearly identical scenes appears on Tegeatic coins from about 370 BC.<ref>Heres and Strauss, p. 869, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' 8.</ref> Pausanias reports seeing an image of Telephus suckled by a deer on [[Mount Helicon]] in [[Boeotia]].<ref>Pausanias, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+9.31.2 9.31.2].</ref> Representations showing Heracles finding Telephus with a deer are also frequent from the first century AD. The scene continued to be popular through the third century AD.

===Wounded by Achilles===
A late sixth-century or early fifth-century Attic fragmentary red-figure [[calyx krater]], attributed to [[Phintias (painter)|Phintias]] (St. Petersburg, [[Hermitage Museum|State Hermitage Museum]] ST1275) apparently depicted the battle between Telephus and Achilles.<ref>Gantz, pp. 579&ndash;580; Heres and Strauss, p, 866 ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-741f47cea62f4-b 8728 (Telephos 48)]; Beazley Archive [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/DC1084D4-6D5C-4FD5-BB6E-6A6970E60A4C 200122]; AVI [https://www.avi.unibas.ch/DB/searchform.html?ID=7656 7395].</ref> Fragments show [[Patroclus]], and a bent over [[Diomedes]] (both named), part of a thyrsos, and the inscription "Dionysos". It is presumed that Diomedes is attending to the fallen [[Thersander (Epigoni)|Thersander]], and that the central part of the vase depicted Achilles wounding Telephus, with the aid of the god [[Dionysus]].

According to Pausanias, the battle between the Telephus and Achilles at the Caicus river was also depicted on the West pediment of the [[Temple of Athena Alea]] at Tegea (finished c. 350&ndash;340 BC).<ref>Fullerton, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0-XFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA233 p. 233]; Heres, p. 96; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+8.45.7 8.45.7];</ref> Only fragments remain of the West pediment, which indicate that Telephus perhaps wore the lion-skin of his father Heracles.<ref>Heres, p. 96; Heres and Strauss, p. 866, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-741c52344b8a9-3 8521 (Telephos 49)].</ref> Inscriptions show that Telephus and Auge were represented on the [[metope]]s of the temple,<ref>Fullerton, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0-XFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA233 pp. 233&ndash;234]; Heres and Strauss, p. 862, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://weblimc.org/page/monument/2079225 8621 (Telephos 3)]; ''IG'' V.2 [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/32088?bookid=12&location=16 79].</ref> and Pausanias also mentions seeing a portrait painting of Auge there.<ref>Bauchhenss-Thüriedl, p. 46 Auge 2; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+8.47.2 8.47.2].</ref>

===At Agamemnon's altar===
[[File:Casa del relieve de Télefo 09.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Achilles (right) scrapes rust from his spear on the wound of the seated Telephus, c. first century BC. Marble [[bas-relief]], from the House of the Relief of Telephus, [[Herculaneum]], [[Naples]], [[National Archaeological Museum, Naples|National Archaeological Museum]] 6591.]]
Telephus' taking refuge at Agamemnon's altar, usually with Orestes as hostage, was also a frequent motif.<ref>Heres and Strauss, pp. 866&ndash;868, section I. ''Telephos  als ''Hiketes'' '' (Telephos as suppliant), ''LIMC'' Telephos 51&ndash;80; comprising nearly a third of the 101 entries for Telephus in the ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae]]''.</ref> [[Attica|Attic]] vase painting depicts the scene, often with either [[Agamemnon]], or [[Clytemnestra]], also present.<ref>Heres and Strauss, p. 869, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' 51&ndash;53 (Agamemnon), 54 (Clytemnestra).</ref> Perhaps the earliest example, an Attic [[kylix]] cup (c. 470 BC) from Eastern [[Etruria]] ([[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|MFA]] 98.931) shows Telephus, with bandaged thigh, sitting alone on an altar holding two spears.<ref>Heres and Strauss, p. 866, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-73f8612be100f-9 5985 (Telephos 51)]; Jebb, Headlam and Pearson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=R1qaCxoc90UC&pg=PA96 Vol. 1 p. 96]; Beazley Archive [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/3A042980-5B0B-4A98-BA58-F13B3CC0A3B5 205037]; AVI [https://www.avi.unibas.ch/DB/searchform.html?ID=2821 2674]; [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|MFA]] [https://www.mfa.org/collections/object/drinking-cup-kylix-with-telephos-at-the-palace-of-agamemnon-153686 98.931].</ref> An Attic [[pelike]] (c. 450 BC), from [[Vulci]] ([[British Museum]] E 382) shows Telephus, with bandaged thigh, sitting on an altar, holding a spear in his right hand, and the infant Orestes with his left arm. From the left, Agamemnon confronts Telephus, with spear.<ref>Heres and Stauss, p. 866, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-741f5dc448592-c 8734 (Telephos 52)] [= Agamemnon 11*]; Beazley Archive [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/5F8346E9-92BB-49B5-A59A-CD2999139EBB 207332]; [[British Museum]] [http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399124&partId=1&museumno=1836,0224.28&page=1 1836,0224.28].</ref> Later Italic treatments of the scene usually include both Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, often with Clytemnestra or sometimes [[Odysseus]] restraining Agamemnon from attacking Telephus.<ref>Heres and Strauss, p. 869; with Agamemnon and Clytemnestra: ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' Telephos 56, 58, 59, 64&ndash;66, 68; with Clytemnestra restraining Agamemnon: ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' Telephos 59, 64; with Odysseus restraining Agamemnon: ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' Telephos 56?, 68 (compare with ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' Telephos 53).</ref>

===Healed by Achilles===
The healing of Telephus was, according to tradition, depicted by the fifth-century BC Athenian painter [[Parrhasius (painter)|Parrhasius]].<ref>Heres, pp. 96&ndash;97; Heres and Strauss, p. 868 (Telephos 84); [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL393.169.xml 25.42], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL394.237.xml 34.152], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL394.315.xml 35.71].</ref> An engraved [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] bronze mirror, from the second half of the fourth century BC ([[Berlin]], [[Antikensammlung Berlin|Antikensammlung]] Fr. 35)<ref>Heres, p. 97; Heres and Strauss, p. 868, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-7421c0f914915-e 8903 (Telephos 85)].</ref> and a marble [[bas-relief]], c. first century BC, from [[Herculaneum]] ([[Naples]], [[National Archaeological Museum, Naples|National Archaeological Museum]] 6591) <ref>Heres and Strauss, p. 866, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-741f1f8c5237d-5 8717 (Telephos 44)] [= Telephos 88]; Deiss, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVgQB0jDIOcC&pg=PA58 p. 58].</ref> show Achilles healing Telephus with rust from his spear.