Editing Susa (section)

=== Susa II and Uruk influence (3800–3100 BC) ===

Susa came within the Uruk cultural sphere during the [[Uruk period]]. An imitation of the entire state apparatus of Uruk, [[proto-writing]], [[cylinder seal]]s with Sumerian motifs, and monumental architecture is found at Susa. The comparative [[periodization]] of Susa and Uruk at this time remains disputed among scholars with some research indicating that Early Uruk period corresponds to Susa II period.<ref>D. T. Potts, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WE62CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 ''The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State.''] Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, 2015 {{ISBN|1107094690}} p58</ref>Research indicates that Early Uruk period corresponds to Susa II period.<ref>D. T. Potts, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WE62CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 ''The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State.''] Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, 2015 {{ISBN|1107094690}} p58</ref>

The nature and extent of Uruk influence in Susa is also disputed. Daniel T. Potts argues that the influence from the highland Iranian [[Khuzestan province|Khuzestan]] area in Susa was more significant at the early period, and also continued later on. Thus, Susa combined the influence of two cultures, from the highland area and from the [[alluvial plains]]. Potts also stresses that Susa did not simply borrow the writing and numerical systems of Uruk wholesale, but were adopted only partially and selectively as needed.

Uruk was far larger than Susa at the time, raising questions about its influence. Some scholars believe that Susa was part of the greater Uruk culture. Holly Pittman, an art historian at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia says,  "they Susanians are participating entirely in an Uruk way of life.  They are not culturally distinct; the material culture of Susa is a regional variation of that on the Mesopotamian plain".  

Others emphasize Susa's relative independence. They deny that Susa was a colony of Uruk: it maintained some independence for a long time, according to Potts.<ref>Daniel T. Potts, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WE62CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 ''The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State.''] Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, 2015 {{ISBN|1107094690}} pp 58–61</ref> An architectural link has also been suggested between Susa, Tal-i Malyan, and [[Godin Tepe]] at this time, in support of the idea of the parallel development of the [[Proto-Cuneiform]] and proto-elamite scripts.<ref>F. Desset, An Architectural Pattern in Late Fourth-Millennium BC Western Iran: A New Link Between Susa, Tal-I Malyan, and Godin Tepe, Iran, vol. 52, iss. 1, pp. 1–18, 2014</ref>  Gilbert Stein, director of the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute, notes that "An expansion once thought to have lasted less than 200 years now apparently went on for 700 years. It is hard to think of any colonial system lasting that long. The spread of Uruk material is not evidence of Uruk domination; it could be local choice".<ref>Lawler, Andrew.  2003. Uruk: Spreading Fashion or Empire. Science.  Volume 302, pp. 977–978</ref>

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File:King-priest with bow fighting enemies, with horned temple (composite of two imprints of the same cylinder seal).jpg|King-priest with bow fighting enemies, with horned temple in the center. Susa II or Uruk period (3800–3100 BC), found in excavations at Susa. Louvre Museum.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Álvarez-Mon |first1=Javier |title=The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-03485-1 |page=101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxHaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT101 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cheng |first1=Jack |last2=Feldman |first2=Marian |title=Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context: Studies in Honor of Irene J. Winter by her Students |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2085-9 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-mvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |language=en}}</ref>
File:Accountancy clay envelope Louvre Sb1932.jpg|Globular envelope with the accounting tokens. Clay, Uruk period (c. 3500 BC). From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa. [[The Louvre]]
File:Susa II, work in the granaries (composite).jpg|Work in the granaries, Susa II, Louvre.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Álvarez-Mon|first1=Javier|title=The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC|date=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-03485-1|page=93|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxHaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT93|language=en}}</ref>
File:Susa II King-Priest with bow and arrow.jpg|Priest-King with bow and arrows, Susa II, Louvre.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Álvarez-Mon|first1=Javier|title=The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC|date=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-03485-1|page=101|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxHaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT101|language=en}}</ref>
File:Susa II, prisoners.jpg|Prisoners, Susa II, Louvre.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Álvarez-Mon|first1=Javier|title=The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC|date=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-03485-1|page=97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxHaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT97|language=en}}</ref>
File:Orant statuette-Sb 69-P5280684-gradient.jpg|Orant statuette, Susa II, Louvre.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Álvarez-Mon|first1=Javier|title=The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC|date=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-03485-1|page=110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxHaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT110|language=en}}</ref> 
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