Editing Sus (genus) (section)

==Domestication==
{{Main|Domestic pig}}
Pigs have been [[Domestication|domesticated]] since [[Ancient history|ancient times]] in the [[Old World]]. Pigs were domesticated on each end of Eurasia, and possibly several times.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Price |first1=Max |last2=Hongo |first2=Hitomi |title=The archaeology of pig domestication in Eurasia |journal=Journal of Archaeological Research |date=2020 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=557–615|doi=10.1007/s10814-019-09142-9 |hdl=1721.1/128524 |s2cid=214309500 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> It is now thought that pigs were attracted to human settlements for the food scraps, and that the process of domestication began as a commensal relationship.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zeder |first1=Melinda |title=The Domestication of Animals |journal=Journal of Anthropological Research |date=2021 |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=161–190|doi=10.3998/jar.0521004.0068.201 |s2cid=85348232 }}</ref> Archaeological evidence suggests that pigs were being managed in the wild in a way similar to the way they are managed by some modern New Guineans from wild boar as early as 13,000–12,700 [[Before Present|BP]] in the [[Near East]] in the Tigris Basin,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rosenberg|first1=M|last2=Nesbitt|first2=R|last3=Redding|first3=RW|last4=Peasnall|first4=BL|year=1998|title=Hallan Cemi, pig husbandry, and post-Pleistocene adaptations along the Taurus-Zagros Arc (Turkey)".|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/paleo_0153-9345_1998_num_24_1_4667|journal=[[Paléorient]]|volume=24|issue=1|pages=25–41|doi=10.3406/paleo.1998.4667|s2cid=85302206|via=[[Persée (web portal)|Persée]]}}</ref> [[Çayönü]], [[Cafer Höyük]], [[Nevalı Çori]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ottoni|first1=C.|last2=Girdland Flink|first2=L.|last3=Evin|first3=A.|last4=Geörg|first4=C.|last5=De Cupere|first5=B.|last6=Van Neer|first6=W.|last7=Bartosiewicz|first7=L.|last8=Linderholm|first8=A.|last9=Barnett|first9=R.|last10=Peters|first10=J.|last11=Decorte|first11=R.|display-authors=29|date=22 November 2012|title=Pig domestication and human-mediated dispersal in western Eurasia revealed through ancient DNA and geometric morphometrics|journal=[[Molecular Biology and Evolution]]|publication-date=April 2013|volume=30|issue=4|pages=824–832|doi=10.1093/molbev/mss261|pmc=3603306|pmid=23180578|first26=M.|last24=Hongo|first24=H.|last25=Perez-Enciso|first25=M.|last26=Rasmussen|first27=L.|last27=Frantz|first30=M.|last28=Megens|first28=H. J.|first23=R.|first29=R.|last30=Groenen|last29=Crooijmans|last22=Brock|last23=Pinhasi|first16=O.|last12=Waelkens|first12=M.|last13=Vanderheyden|first13=N.|last14=Ricaut|first14=F. X.|last15=Çakırlar|last16=Cevik|last17=Hoelzel|first22=F.|first17=A. R.|last18=Mashkour|first18=M.|last19=Mohaseb Karimlu|first19=A. F.|last20=SheikhiSeno|first20=S.|last21=Daujat|first21=J.|first15=C.}}</ref> Remains of pigs have been dated to earlier than 11,400 BP in Cyprus that must have been introduced from the mainland which suggests domestication in the adjacent mainland by then.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vigne|first1=JD|last2=Zazzo|first2=A|last3=Saliège|first3=JF|last4=Poplin|first4=F|last5=Guilaine|first5=J|last6=Simmons|first6=A|date=18 August 2009|title=Pre-Neolithic wild boar management and introduction to Cyprus more than 11,400 years ago|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|volume=106|issue=38|pages=16135–16138|bibcode=2009PNAS..10616135V|doi=10.1073/pnas.0905015106|pmc=2752532|pmid=19706455|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Pigs were also domesticated in China, potentially more than once.<ref name="Giuffra">{{cite journal|last1=Giuffra|first1=E|last2=Kijas|first2=J. M.|last3=Amarger|first3=V|last4=Carlborg|first4=O|last5=Jeon|first5=J. T.|last6=Andersson|first6=L|date=April 2000|title=The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression|url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1461048&blobtype=pdf|journal=[[Genetics (journal)|Genetics]]|volume=154|issue=4|pages=1785–91|doi=10.1093/genetics/154.4.1785|pmc=1461048|pmid=10747069|via=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]]|access-date=2009-09-23|archive-date=2020-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728101949/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1461048/pdf/10747069.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In some parts of China pigs were kept in pens from early times, separating them from wild populations and allowing farmers to create breeds that were fatter and bred more quickly.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lander |first1=Brian |last2=Schneider |first2=Mindi |last3=Brunson |first3=Katherine |title=A history of pigs in China: From curious omnivores to industrial pork |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |date=2020 |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=865–889|doi=10.1017/S0021911820000054 |s2cid=225700922 |url=https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/567921 }}</ref> Early Modern Europeans brought these breeds back home and crossed them with their own pigs, which was the origins of most modern pig breeds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Sam |title=From Globalized Pig Breeds to Capitalist Pigs: A Study in Animal Cultures and Evolutionary History |journal=Environmental History |date=2011 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=94–120|doi=10.1093/envhis/emq143 }}</ref>

In India, pigs have been domesticated for a long time mostly in [[Goa]] and some [[rural area]]s for [[pig toilet]]s. This practice also occurred in China. Though ecologically logical as well as economical, pig toilets are waning in popularity as use of [[septic tank]]s and/or [[sewerage]] systems is increasing in rural areas.

[[Hernando de Soto]] and other early Spanish explorers brought pigs to southeastern North America from Europe. As in medieval Europe, pigs are valued on certain oceanic islands for their self-sufficiency, which allows them to be turned loose, although the practice does have drawbacks (see [[#Environmental damage|environmental impact]]).

The domestic pig (''Sus domesticus'') is usually given the [[Binomial nomenclature|scientific name]] ''Sus scrofa domesticus'', although some taxonomists, including the [[American Society of Mammalogists]], call it ''S.&nbsp;domesticus'', reserving ''S.&nbsp;scrofa'' for the [[wild boar]]. It was domesticated approximately 5,000 to 7,000 years ago. The upper [[Canine tooth|canines]] form sharp distinctive [[tusk]]s that curve outward and upward. Compared to other artiodactyles, their head is relatively long, pointed, and free of [[wart]]s. Their head and body length ranges from {{convert|0.9|to|1.8|m|in|abbr=on}} and they can weigh between {{convert|50|and|350|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.

In November 2012, scientists managed to [[sequence the genome]] of the [[domestic pig]]. The similarities between the pig and human genomes mean that the new data may have wide applications in the study and treatment of human genetic diseases.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hsu|first=Christine|date=14 November 2012|title=Scientists Sequence Entire Pig Genome in Breakthrough That Could Combat Human Disease|url=https://www.medicaldaily.com/scientists-sequence-entire-pig-genome-breakthrough-could-combat-human-disease-243520|website=[[Medical Daily]]|publisher=[[IBT Media]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=15 November 2012|title=Scientists decode the pig genome|work=[[Business Standard]]|location=[[London]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/scientists-decode-the-pig-genome-112111500300_1.html|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Groenen|first1=Martien A. M.|last2=Archibald|first2=Alan L.|last3=Uenishi|first3=Hirohide|last4=Tuggle|first4=Christopher K.|last5=Takeuchi|first5=Yasuhiro|last6=Rothschild|first6=Max F.|last7=Rogel-Gaillard|first7=Claire|last8=Park|first8=Chankyu|last9=Milan|first9=Denis|last10=Megens|first10=Hendrik-Jan|last11=Li|first11=Shengting|display-authors=29|year=2012|title=Analyses of pig genomes provide insight into porcine demography and evolution|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=491|issue=7424|pages=393–8|bibcode=2012Natur.491..393G|doi=10.1038/nature11622|pmc=3566564|pmid=23151582|first14=Laurent A. F.|first28=Mirte|first25=Frank|last26=Blomberg|first26=Jonas|last27=Bolund|first27=Lars|last28=Bosse|last29=Botti|first24=Daniel|first29=Sara|last30=Bujie|first30=Zhan|first13=Heebal|last13=Kim|first12=Denis M.|last12=Larkin|last25=Blecha|last24=Berman|last14=Frantz|last19=Anthon|first15=Mario|last16=Ahn|first16=Hyeonju|last17=Aken|first17=Bronwen L.|last18=Anselmo|first18=Anna|first19=Christian|first23=Christian|last20=Auvil|first20=Loretta|last21=Badaoui|first21=Bouabid|last22=Beattie|first22=Craig W.|last23=Bendixen|last15=Caccamo}}</ref>

In August 2015, a study looked at over 100 pig genome sequences to ascertain their process of domestication. The process of domestication was assumed to have been initiated by humans, involved few individuals and relied on reproductive isolation between wild and domestic forms. The study found that the assumption of reproductive isolation with population bottlenecks was not supported. The study  indicated that pigs were domesticated separately in Western Asia and China, with Western Asian pigs introduced into Europe where they crossed with wild boar. A model that fitted the data included admixture with a now extinct [[ghost population]] of wild pigs during the [[Pleistocene]]. The study also found that despite back-crossing with wild pigs, the genomes of domestic pigs have strong signatures of selection at DNA loci that affect behavior and morphology. The study concluded that human selection for domestic traits likely counteracted the homogenizing effect of gene flow from wild boars and created [[domestication islands]] in the genome. The same process may also apply to other domesticated animals.<ref name="frantz2015">{{cite journal|author=Frantz|first1=Lauren A F|last2=Schraiber|first2=Joshua G|last3=Madsen|first3=Ole|last4=Megens|first4=Hendrik-Jan|last5=Cagan|first5=Alex|last6=Bosse|first6=Mirte|last7=Paudel|first7=Yogesh|last8=Crooijmans|first8=Richard P M A|last9=Larson|first9=Greger|last10=Groenen|first10=Martien A M|date=31 August 2015|title=Evidence of long-term gene flow and selection during domestication from analyses of Eurasian wild and domestic pig genomes|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.3394|journal=[[Nature Genetics]]|volume=47|issue=10|pages=1141–8|doi=10.1038/ng.3394|pmid=26323058|s2cid=205350534}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pennisi|first=Elizabeth|author-link=Elizabeth Pennisi|date=31 August 2015|title=The taming of the pig took some wild turns|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/taming-pig-took-some-wild-turns|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901193514/http://news.sciencemag.org/archaeology/2015/08/taming-pig-took-some-wild-turns|archive-date=1 September 2015|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science Magazine]]|doi=10.1126/science.aad1692}}</ref>