Editing Sudan (section)

=== Independence (1956–present) ===
{{Main|Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)|Democratic Republic of the Sudan}}
{{Missing information|section|the history of Sudan between 1956 and 1969 and between 1977 and 1989|date=January 2016}}
[[File:Sudan independence 2.png|upright=1.05|thumb|Sudan's flag raised at independence ceremony on 1 January 1956 by the Prime Minister Ismail al-Azhari and in presence of opposition leader Mohamed Ahmed Almahjoub]]
A polling process was carried out resulting in the composition of a democratic parliament and [[Ismail al-Azhari]] was elected first Prime Minister and led the first modern Sudanese government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sudan-embassy.co.uk/en/content/blogcategory/28/37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120035130/http://sudan-embassy.co.uk/en/content/blogcategory/28/37 |archive-date=20 November 2008 |title=Brief History of the Sudan |publisher=Sudan Embassy in London |date=20 November 2008 |access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref> On 1 January 1956, in a special ceremony held at the People's Palace, the Egyptian and British flags were lowered and the new Sudanese flag, composed of green, blue and yellow stripes, was raised in their place by the prime minister [[Ismail al-Azhari]].

Dissatisfaction culminated in a [[1969 Sudanese coup d'état|coup d'état]] on 25 May 1969. The coup leader, Col. [[Gaafar Nimeiry]], became prime minister, and the new regime abolished parliament and outlawed all political parties. Disputes between [[Marxist]] and non-Marxist elements within the ruling military coalition resulted in [[1971 Sudanese coup d'état|a briefly successful coup in July 1971]], led by the [[Sudanese Communist Party]]. Several days later, anti-communist military elements restored Nimeiry to power.

In 1972, the [[Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)|Addis Ababa Agreement]] led to a cessation of the north–south civil war and a degree of self-rule. This led to ten years hiatus in the civil war but an end to American investment in the [[Jonglei Canal]] project. This had been considered absolutely essential to irrigate the Upper Nile region and to prevent an environmental catastrophe and wide-scale [[famine]] among the local tribes, most especially the Dinka. In the civil war that followed their homeland was raided, looted, pillaged, and burned. Many of the tribe were murdered in a bloody civil war that raged for over 20 years.

[[File:Hashem al Atta, 1971 Sudanese coup d'état.jpg|thumb|[[1971 Sudanese coup d'état]]]]
Until the early 1970s, Sudan's agricultural output was mostly dedicated to internal consumption. In 1972, the Sudanese government became more pro-Western and made plans to export food and [[cash crop]]s. However, commodity prices declined throughout the 1970s causing economic problems for Sudan. At the same time, debt servicing costs, from the money spent mechanizing agriculture, rose. In 1978, the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] negotiated a [[Structural Adjustment Program]] with the government. This further promoted the mechanised export agriculture sector. This caused great hardship for the pastoralists of Sudan. In 1976, the Ansars had mounted a bloody but unsuccessful coup attempt. But in July 1977, President Nimeiry met with Ansar leader [[Sadiq al-Mahdi]], opening the way for a possible reconciliation. Hundreds of political prisoners were released, and in August a general amnesty was announced for all oppositionists.

==== Bashir era (1989–2019) ====
[[File:Omar al-Bashir (2017-11-23) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Omar al-Bashir in 2017]]
{{further|Republic of the Sudan (1985–2019)}}
On 30 June 1989, Colonel [[Omar al-Bashir]] led a bloodless [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|military coup]].<ref name=reuters-factbox>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUKL1435274220080714 |title=Factbox – Sudan's President Omar Hassan al-Bashir |work=Reuters |access-date=8 January 2011 |date=14 July 2008}}</ref> The new military government suspended political parties and introduced an Islamic legal code on the national level.<ref name="Bekele">{{cite news |last=Bekele |first=Yilma |title=Chickens Are Coming Home To Roost! |url=http://www.ethiopianreview.com/content/2929 |work=[[Ethiopian Review]] |location=Addis Ababa |date=12 July 2008 |access-date=13 January 2011}}</ref> Later, al-Bashir carried out purges and executions in the upper ranks of the army, the banning of associations, political parties, and independent newspapers, and the imprisonment of leading political figures and journalists.<ref name="Kepel, Jihad 2002, p.181">{{cite book|last=Kepel|first=Gilles|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/jihad00gill_0|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01090-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/jihad00gill_0/page/181 181]}}</ref> On 16 October 1993, al-Bashir appointed himself "[[President of Sudan|President]]" and disbanded the Revolutionary Command Council. The executive and legislative powers of the council were taken by al-Bashir.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/14/sudan.warcrimes3 |work=The Guardian |title=Profile: Omar al-Bashir |first=Peter |last=Walker |date=14 July 2008 |access-date=13 January 2011 |location=London}}</ref>

In the [[Sudanese general election, 1996|1996 general election]], he was the only candidate by law to run for election.<ref name="New York Times 1996, p.4">''[[The New York Times]]''. 16 March 1996. p. 4.</ref> Sudan became a [[one-party state]] under the [[National Congress (Sudan)|National Congress Party]] (NCP).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa86|title=History of the Sudan |encyclopedia=HistoryWorld |date=n.d. |access-date=13 January 2011}}</ref> During the 1990s, [[Hassan al-Turabi]], then Speaker of the National Assembly, reached out to [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] groups and invited [[Osama bin Laden]] to the country.<ref name="Shahzad">{{cite news |last=Shahzad |first=Syed Saleem |title=Bin Laden Uses Iraq To Plot New Attacks |work=[[Asia Times]] |location=Hong Kong |access-date=14 January 2011 |date=23 February 2002 |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DB23Ag02.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021020093406/http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DB23Ag02.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=20 October 2002}}</ref> The United States subsequently listed Sudan as a [[State Sponsors of Terrorism|state sponsor of terrorism]].<ref name="foxnews">{{cite news |date=13 March 2007 |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/families-of-uss-cole-victims-sue-sudan-for-105-million |title=Families of USS ''Cole'' Victims Sue Sudan for $105 Million |agency=Associated Press |publisher=Fox News Channel |access-date=14 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106163604/https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,258413,00.html |archive-date=6 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following Al Qaeda's [[1998 United States embassy bombings|bombing of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania]], the U.S. launched [[Operation Infinite Reach]] and targeted the [[Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory]], which the U.S. government falsely believed was producing chemical weapons for the terrorist group. Al-Turabi's influence began to wane, and others in favour of more pragmatic leadership tried to change Sudan's [[international isolation]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Fuller, Graham E. |title=The Future of Political Islam|year=2004|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-6556-1|page=111}}</ref> The country worked to appease its critics by expelling members of the [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]] and encouraging bin Laden to leave.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wright|first=Lawrence|title=The Looming Tower|url=https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig|url-access=registration|date=2006|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-26608-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig/page/221 221]–223}}</ref>
[[File:Government Militia in Darfur.PNG|thumb|Government militia in Darfur]]

Before the [[Elections in Sudan|2000 presidential election]], al-Turabi introduced a bill to reduce the President's powers, prompting al-Bashir to [[dissolve parliament|order a dissolution]] and declare a [[state of emergency]]. When al-Turabi urged a boycott of the President's re-election campaign signing agreement with [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]], al-Bashir suspected they were plotting to overthrow the government.<ref name="BBC profile">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3273569.stm |title=Profile: Sudan's President Bashir |work=BBC News |date=25 November 2003 |access-date=8 January 2011}}</ref> Hassan al-Turabi was jailed later the same year.<ref name=Denies>{{cite news |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27123 |title=Sudanese Islamist Opposition Leader Denies Link with Darfur Rebels |work=Sudan Tribune |location=Paris |author=Ali, Wasil |date=12 May 2008 |access-date=31 May 2013 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412093622/https://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27123 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In February 2003, the [[Sudan Liberation Movement/Army]] (SLM/A) and [[Justice and Equality Movement]] (JEM) groups in Darfur took up arms, accusing the Sudanese government of oppressing non-Arab Sudanese in favour of [[Sudanese Arabs]], precipitating the [[War in Darfur]]. The conflict has since been [[Darfur genocide|described as a genocide]],<ref>{{cite press release |date=14 July 2008 |url=http://www2.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/press%20releases%20%282008%29/a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325100539/http://www2.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/press%20releases%20%282008%29/a |title=ICC Prosecutor Presents Case Against Sudanese President, Hassan Ahmad al Bashir, for Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes in Darfur |publisher=[[International Criminal Court#Office of the Prosecutor|Office of the Prosecutor]], International Criminal Court |archive-date=25 March 2009}}</ref> and the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) in The Hague has issued two [[arrest warrant]]s for al-Bashir.<ref name=BBC1>{{cite news |date=4 March 2009 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7923102.stm |title=Warrant issued for Sudan's Bashir |work=BBC News |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://pulitzercenter.org/articles/international-criminal-court-charges-+sudans-omar-hassan-al-bashir-genocide |author1=Lynch, Colum |author2=Hamilton, Rebecca |title=International Criminal Court Charges Sudan's Omar Hassan al-Bashir with Genocide |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=14 January 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Arabic-speaking nomadic militias known as the [[Janjaweed]] stand accused of many atrocities.

On 9 January 2005, the government signed the [[Naivasha Agreement|Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] with the [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement]] (SPLM) with the objective of ending the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]]. The [[United Nations Mission in Sudan]] (UNMIS) was established under the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1590|UN Security Council Resolution 1590]] to support its implementation. The peace agreement was a prerequisite to the 2011 [[South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011|referendum]]: the result was a unanimous vote in favour of secession of [[South Sudan]]; the region of Abyei will hold [[Abyei status referendum|its own referendum]] at a future date.

[[File:Southern Sudan Referendum1.jpg|thumb|Southern Sudanese wait to vote during the [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum]].]]
The [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]] (SPLA) was the primary member of the [[Eastern Front (Sudan)|Eastern Front]], a coalition of rebel groups operating in eastern Sudan. After the peace agreement, their place was taken in February 2004 after the merger of the larger [[Fulani people|fulani]] and [[Beja Congress]] with the smaller [[Rashaida Free Lions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unmis.org/english/documents/mmr/MMR2006/MMR-jan04.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321010542/http://www.unmis.org/english/documents/mmr/MMR2006/MMR-jan04.pdf |title=UNMIS Media Monitoring Report |publisher=United Nations Mission in Sudan |date=4 January 2006 |archive-date=21 March 2006}}</ref> A peace agreement between the Sudanese government and the Eastern Front was signed on 14 October 2006, in Asmara. On 5 May 2006, the [[Darfur Peace Agreement]] was signed, aiming at ending the conflict which had continued for three years up to this point.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2006/65972.htm |title=Darfur Peace Agreement |publisher=US Department of State |date=8 May 2006}}</ref> The Chad–Sudan Conflict (2005–2007) had erupted after the [[Battle of Adré]] triggered a declaration of war by Chad.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/AB24F0A9-8145-4E1E-96C7-3D8FC9641CC6.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010023439/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/AB24F0A9-8145-4E1E-96C7-3D8FC9641CC6.htm |archive-date=10 October 2006 |title=Restraint Plea to Sudan and Chad |date=27 December 2005 |agency=Agence France-Presse |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> The leaders of Sudan and Chad signed an agreement in [[Saudi Arabia]] on 3 May 2007 to stop fighting from the [[Darfur conflict]] spilling along their countries' {{convert|1000|km|mi|-2|adj=on}} border.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 May 2007 |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2007-05/04/content_865569.htm |title=Sudan, Chad Agree To Stop Fighting |agency=Associated Press |work=China Daily |location=Beijing}}</ref>

In July 2007 the country was hit by [[2007 Sudan floods|devastating floods]],<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/06/africa/AF-GEN-Sudan-Floods.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226201657/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/06/africa/AF-GEN-Sudan-Floods.php |title=UN: Situation in Sudan could deteriorate if flooding continues |date=6 August 2007 |work=[[International Herald Tribune]] |location=Paris |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref> with over 400,000 people being directly affected.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/LSGZ-75TGFJ?OpenDocument |title=Sudan Floods: At Least 365,000 Directly Affected, Response Ongoing |date=6 August 2007 |access-date=13 January 2011 |publisher=UN [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |agency=[[Relief Web]] |archive-date=20 August 2007 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070820141059/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/LSGZ-75TGFJ?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since 2009, a series of [[Sudanese nomadic conflicts|ongoing conflicts]] between rival nomadic tribes in Sudan and South Sudan have caused a large number of civilian casualties.

==== Partition and rehabilitation ====
The [[Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile]] in the early 2010s between [[Sudan People's Armed Forces|the Army of Sudan]] and the [[Sudan Revolutionary Front]] started as a dispute over the oil-rich region of [[Abyei]] in the months leading up to [[South Sudan|South Sudanese independence]] in 2011, though it is also related to civil war in Darfur that is nominally resolved. A year later in 2012 during the [[Heglig Crisis]] Sudan would achieve victory against South Sudan, a war over oil-rich regions between South Sudan's [[Unity (state)|Unity]] and Sudan's [[South Kordofan]] states. The events would later be known as the [[2011–2013 Sudanese protests|Sudanese Intifada]], which would end only in 2013 after al-Bashir promised he would not seek re-election in 2015. He later broke his promise and sought re-election in 2015, winning through a boycott from the opposition who believed that the elections would not be free and fair. Voter turnout was at a low 46%.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-32481013 |title=Omar al-Bashir wins Sudan elections by a landslide |work=BBC News |date=27 April 2015 |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref>

On 13 January 2017, US president [[Barack Obama]] signed an Executive Order that lifted many sanctions placed against Sudan and assets of its government held abroad. On 6 October 2017, the following US president [[Donald Trump]] lifted most of the remaining sanctions against the country and its petroleum, export-import, and property industries.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wadhams|first1=Nick|last2=Gebre|first2=Samuel|title=Trump Moves to Lift Most Sudan Sanctions|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-06/u-s-lifting-most-sudan-sanctions-on-progress-in-terrorism-fight|access-date=6 October 2017|work=Bloomberg Politics|date=6 October 2017}}</ref>

==== 2019 Sudanese Revolution and transitional government ====
{{main|Sudanese Revolution|2019–2026 Sudanese transition to democracy}}
{{see also|Sovereignty Council of Sudan}}
[[File:Sudanese protestors celebrate signing of political agreement (cropped).png|thumb|upright=1.3|Sudanese protestors celebrate the 17 August 2019 signing of the [[2019 Sudanese transition to democracy#Draft Constitutional Declaration|Draft Constitutional Declaration]] between military and civilian representatives.]]
On 19 December 2018, [[Sudanese revolution|massive protests]] began after a government decision to triple the price of goods at a time when the country was suffering an acute shortage of foreign currency and inflation of 70 percent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmi.no/news/2116-sudan-december-2018-riots-is-the-regime-crumbling|title=Sudan December 2018 riots: Is the regime crumbling?|website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute|language=en|access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref> In addition, President al-Bashir, who had been in power for more than 30 years, refused to step down, resulting in the convergence of opposition groups to form a united coalition. The government retaliated by arresting more than 800 opposition figures and protesters, leading to the death of approximately 40 people according to the Human Rights Watch,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/09/sudan-protesters-killed-injured|title=Sudan: Protesters Killed, Injured|date=9 April 2019|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref> although the number was much higher than that according to local and civilian reports. The protests continued after the overthrow of his government on 11 April 2019 after a massive sit-in in front of the [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] main headquarters, after which the chiefs of staff decided to intervene and they ordered the arrest of President al-Bashir and declared a three-month state of emergency.<ref name="Sudan military coup topples Bashir">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47891470|title=Sudan military coup topples Bashir|date=11 April 2019|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/sudan-crowds-rally-bashir-police-tear-gas-rival-protest-190109115845545.html |title=Sudan's Omar al-Bashir vows to stay in power as protests rage &#124; News |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Arwa Ibrahim|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/future-unclear-sudan-protesters-president-loggerheads-190108135021310.html |title=Future unclear as Sudan protesters and president at loggerheads &#124; News |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=8 January 2019 |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref> Over 100 people died on 3 June after security forces dispersed the sit-in using tear gas and live ammunition in what is known as the [[Khartoum massacre]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2019 |title=Sudan's security forces attack long-running sit-in |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-48495713}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="Chaos and Fire" – An Analysis of Sudan's June 3, 2019 Khartoum Massacre – Sudan |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/chaos-and-fire-analysis-sudan-s-june-3-2019-khartoum-massacre |website=ReliefWeb |date=5 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> resulting in Sudan's suspension from the African Union.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2019/jun/06/aftermath-of-sudan-crackdown-emerges-as-death-toll-passes-100-video|title=African Union suspends Sudan over violence against protestors – video|date=7 June 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2019|language=en-GB }}</ref> Sudan's youth had been reported to be driving the protests.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-48802235/sudan-dying-for-the-revolution|title='They'll have to kill all of us!'|work=BBC News|language=en|access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref> The protests came to an end when the [[Forces for Freedom and Change]] (an alliance of groups organizing the protests) and [[Transitional Military Council (2019)|Transitional Military Council]] (the ruling military government) signed the July 2019 Political Agreement and the August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration.<ref name="raisethevoices_4Aug2019_const_dec" /><ref name="Const_Dec_En_unofficial" />
The transitional institutions and procedures included the creation of a joint military-civilian [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan]] as head of state, a new [[Chief Justice of Sudan]] as head of the judiciary branch of power, [[Nemat Abdullah Khair]], and a new prime minister. The former Prime Minister, [[Abdalla Hamdok]], a 61-year-old economist who worked previously for the UN [[Economic Commission for Africa]], was sworn in on 21 August 2019.<ref name="SudTrib_EU_recognises_Hamdok">{{cite news | title= We recognize Hamdok as leader of Sudan's transition: EU, Troika envoys | date= 27 October 2021 |newspaper= [[Sudan Tribune]] | url= https://sudantribune.com/article222571 |access-date= 27 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211027175037/https://sudantribune.com/article222571 |archive-date= 27 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> He initiated talks with the [[IMF]] and [[World Bank]] aimed at stabilising the economy, which was in dire straits because of shortages of food, fuel and hard currency. Hamdok estimated that US$10bn over two years would suffice to halt the panic, and said that over 70% of the 2018 budget had been spent on civil war-related measures. The governments of [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]] had invested significant sums supporting the military council since Bashir's ouster.<ref name="hamdok">{{cite news |title=Sudan needs up to $10 billion in aid to rebuild economy, new PM says |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-sudan-needs-up-to-10-billion-in-aid-to-rebuild-economy-new-pm-says/ |work=The Globe and Mail |last=Abdelaziz |first=Khalid |date=24 August 2019}}</ref> On 3 September, Hamdok appointed 14 civilian ministers, including the first female foreign minister and the first Coptic Christian, also a woman.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics-idUSKCN1VO1KY |title=Sudan's PM selects members of first cabinet since Bashir's ouster|date=3 September 2019 |work=Reuters|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/africa/women-take-prominent-place-in-sudanese-politics-as-abdalla-hamdok-names-cabinet-1.906502|title=Women take prominent place in Sudanese politics as Abdalla Hamdok names cabinet |website=The National|date=4 September 2019 }}</ref> As of August 2021, the country was jointly led by Chairman of the Transitional Sovereign Council, [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]], and Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/3136536/sudan-threatens-use-military-option-regain-control-over-border-ethiopia |title=Sudan Threatens to Use Military Option to Regain Control over Border with Ethiopia |work=Asharq Al-Awsat |date=17 August 2021 |access-date=23 August 2021 }}</ref>

==== 2021 coup and the al-Burhan regime ====
{{main|October–November 2021 Sudanese coup d'état}}
The Sudanese government announced on 21 September 2021 that there was a failed attempt at a [[coup d'état]] from the military that had led to the arrest of 40 military officers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 September 2021|title=Coup attempt fails in Sudan – state media|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58629978|access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Nima Elbagir and Yasir Abdullah|title=Sudan foils coup attempt and 40 officers arrested, senior officials say|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/21/africa/sudan-failed-coup-attempt-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=21 September 2021|website=CNN|date=21 September 2021 }}</ref>

One month after the attempted coup, another military coup on 25 October 2021 resulted in the deposition of the civilian government, including former Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok. The coup was led by general [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] who subsequently declared a state of emergency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sudan's civilian leaders arrested – reports|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/sudan-s-civilian-leaders-arrested-reports/ar-AAPUVmO|website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=25 October 2021|title=Sudan Officials Detained, Communication Lines Cut in Apparent Military Coup|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-25/sudanese-gov-t-officials-detained-group-sees-apparent-coup}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=25 October 2021|title=Sudan's civilian leaders arrested amid coup reports|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59033142}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Magdy|first=Samy|title=Gov't officials detained, phones down in possible Sudan coup|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/sudanese-govt-officials-detained-group-sees-apparent-coup-80763796 |website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> Burhan took office as the de facto head of state of Sudan and formed a new army-backed government on 11 November 2021.<ref name="al Jazeera 11/2021">{{cite news |title=Sudan army chief names new governing Sovereign Council |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/11/sudan-army-chief-issues-a-decree-for-new-sovereign-council |access-date=20 March 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |date=11 November 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321000037/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/11/sudan-army-chief-issues-a-decree-for-new-sovereign-council |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 21 November 2021, Hamdok was reinstated as prime minister after a political agreement was signed by Burhan to restore the transition to civilian rule (although Burhan retained control). The 14-point deal called for the release of all political prisoners detained during the coup and stipulated that a 2019 constitutional declaration continued to be the basis for a political transition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sudan's Hamdok reinstated as PM after political agreement signed|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/21/sudans-hamdok-reinstated-as-pm-after-political-agreement-signed|access-date=21 November 2021|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> Hamdok fired the chief of police Khaled Mahdi Ibrahim al-Emam and his second in command Ali Ibrahim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=27 November 2021 |title=Reinstated Sudanese PM Hamdok dismisses police chiefs |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/27/reinstated-sudanese-pm-hamdok-dismisses-police-chiefs |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=Al Jazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 2 January 2022, Hamdok announced his resignation from the position of Prime Minister following one of the most deadly protests to date.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sudan PM Abdalla Hamdok resigns after deadly protest|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/2/sudan-pm-abdalla-hamdok-resigns-after-deadly-protest|access-date=2 January 2022|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Osman Hussein (politician)|Osman Hussein]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sudantribune.com/article254282/|title=Sudan's Burhan forms caretaker government|date=20 February 2022|website=sudantribune.com|access-date=19 February 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124205401/https://sudantribune.com/article254282/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/other/acting-council-of-ministers-approves-general-budget-for-year-2022/ar-AASYiyW|title=Acting Council of Ministers Approves General Budget for Year 2022|website=MSN|access-date=19 February 2022|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219211159/https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/other/acting-council-of-ministers-approves-general-budget-for-year-2022/ar-AASYiyW|url-status=live}}</ref> By March 2022 over 1,000 people including 148 children had been detained for opposing the coup, there were 25 allegations of rape<ref name=":2" /> and 87 people had been killed<ref>{{Cite web |last=Associated Press |date=18 March 2022 |title=Sudan group says 187 wounded in latest anti-coup protests |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/sudan-group-187-wounded-latest-anti-coup-protests-83523107 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318093526/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/sudan-group-187-wounded-latest-anti-coup-protests-83523107 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> including 11 children.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bachelet |first=Michelle |date=7 March 2022 |title=Oral update on the situation of human rights in the Sudan – Statement by United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/oral-update-situation-human-rights-sudan |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=ReliefWeb/ 49th Session of the UN Human Rights Council |language=en}}</ref>

==== 2023–present: Internal conflict ====
{{main|Sudanese civil war (2023–present)}}
[[File:War in Sudan (2023).svg|thumb|Military situation as of 8 March 2024 
{{leftlegend|#FFCCCC|Controlled by [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] and allies}}
{{leftlegend|#008080|Controlled by [[Rapid Support Forces]]}}
{{leftlegend|#E3D975|Controlled by [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North#SPLM-N (al-Hilu)|SPLM-N (al-Hilu)]]}}
{{leftlegend|#800033|Controlled by [[SLM (al-Nur)]]}}
([[Template:2023 Sudan war detailed map|Detailed map]])
]]
In April 2023 – as an internationally brokered plan for a transition to civilian rule was discussed – power struggles grew between army commander (and ''[[defacto|de facto]]'' national leader) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and his deputy, [[Hemedti]], head of the heavily armed paramilitary [[Rapid Support Forces]] (RSF), formed from the [[Janjaweed]] militia.<ref name="fighting_2023_04_16_france27_com">{{Cite web |date=16 April 2023 |title=Fighting continues in Sudan despite humanitarian pause |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230416-death-toll-mounts-in-sudan-as-army-paramilitary-fight-for-power |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=[[France 24]]}}</ref><ref name="clashes_2023_04_16_abc_news">{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/clashes-erupt-sudan-army-paramilitary-group-government-transition/story?id=98607846 |title=Clashes erupt in Sudan between army, paramilitary group over government transition |date=16 April 2023 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=16 April 2023 |first1=Nadine |last1=El-Bawab }}</ref>

On 15 April 2023, their conflict erupted into a civil war starting with the [[Battle of Khartoum (2023–present)|battles in the streets of Khartoum]] between the army and the RSF – with troops, tanks and planes. By the third day, 400 people had been reported killed and at least 3,500 injured, according to the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Masih |first1=Niha |last2=Pietsch |first2=Bryan |last3=Westfall |first3=Sammy |last4=Berger |first4=Miriam |date=18 April 2023 |title=What's behind the fighting in Sudan, and what is at stake? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/04/18/sudan-conflict-military-rsf-paramilitary/ |access-date=3 May 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Among the dead were three workers from the [[World Food Programme]], triggering a suspension of the organization's work in Sudan, despite ongoing hunger afflicting much of the country.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://apnews.com/article/sudan-fighting-military-rsf-eafa3246b1e3004a1a9f2b9af9561362 | title=Sudan's generals battle for 3rd day; death toll soars to 185 | website=[[Associated Press]] | date=17 April 2023 |first1=Jack |last1=Jeffery |first2=Samy |last2=Magdy }}</ref> Sudanese General [[Yasser al-Atta]] said the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] was providing supplies to RSF, which were being used in the war.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eltahir |first= Nafisa |date=28 November 2023 |title=Sudanese general accuses UAE of supplying paramilitary RSF |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudanese-general-accuses-uae-supplying-paramilitary-rsf-2023-11-28/ |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref>

Both the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces are [[War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)|accused of committing war crimes]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2023 |title=War crimes and civilian suffering in Sudan |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/08/sudan-war-crimes-rampant-as-civilians-killed-in-both-deliberate-and-indiscriminate-attacks-new-report/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925175201/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/08/sudan-war-crimes-rampant-as-civilians-killed-in-both-deliberate-and-indiscriminate-attacks-new-report/ |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US declares warring factions in Sudan have committed war crimes |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/6/us-declares-warring-factions-in-sudan-have-committed-war-crimes |work=Al Jazeera |date=6 December 2023}}</ref> As of 29 December 2023, over 5.8 million were internally displaced and more than 1.5 million others had fled the country as refugees,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dtm.iom.int/reports/dtm-sudan-monthly-displacement-overview-04 |title=DTM Sudan – Monthly Displacement Overview (04) |date=29 December 2023 |website=IOM UN Migration |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230194201/https://dtm.iom.int/reports/dtm-sudan-monthly-displacement-overview-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> and many civilians in [[Darfur]] have been reported dead as part of the [[Masalit massacres (2023–present)|Masalit massacres]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Genocide returns to Darfur |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/10/05/genocide-returns-to-darfur |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110034316/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/10/05/genocide-returns-to-darfur |url-status=live }}</ref> Up to 15,000 people were killed in the city of [[Geneina]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ethnic killings in one Sudan city left up to 15,000 dead: UN report |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/worldbiz/africa/ethnic-killings-one-sudan-city-left-15000-dead-un-report-777970 |work=The Business Standard |date=20 January 2024}}</ref>

As a result of the war the [[World Food Programme]] released a report on 22 February 2024 saying that more than 95% of Sudan's population could not afford a meal a day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/over-95-percent-of-sudanese-cannot-afford-a-meal-a-day-wfp-fef7c4a0|website=Barron's|title=Over 95 Percent Of Sudanese Cannot Afford A Meal A Day: WFP}}</ref> As of April 2024, the United Nations reported that more than 8.6 million people have been forced out of their homes, while 18 million are facing severe hunger, five million of them are at emergency levels.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudan violence: The horrifying statistics behind the brutal conflict - and still the death toll is unknown |url=https://news.sky.com/story/sudan-violence-the-horrifying-statistics-behind-the-brutal-conflict-and-still-the-death-toll-is-unknown-13112932 |work=Sky News|date=17 April 2024}}</ref> In May 2024, US government officials estimated that at least 150,000 people had died in the war in the past year alone.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last1=Bariyo |first1=Nicholas |last2=Steinhauser |first2=Gabriele |title=Genocide Survivors in Darfur Are Caught in Another Brutal Battle |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/africa/genocide-survivors-in-darfur-are-caught-in-another-brutal-battle-d729b143?mod=hp_lead_pos7 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> The RSF's apparent targeting of Black indigenous communities, especially around the city of El Fasher, have led international officials to warn of the risk of history repeating itself with another genocide in the Darfur region.<ref name=":3" />

On 31 May 2024, a conference was called at the House of Representatives by a US Congresswoman [[Eleanor Holmes Norton]] to address Sudan's humanitarian crisis. A report by the State Department concerning the UAE's involvement in Sudan, including war crimes and arms exports, was the prime focus of the conference's discussion. A panelist speaker, Councilman Mohamed Seifeldein, called for an end to the UAE's involvement in Sudan, stating that the UAE's role in using the RSF in Sudan and also in the [[Yemeni civil war (2014–present)|Yemeni civil war]] "need to be stopped". Seifeldein, along with another panelist [[Hagir S. Elsheikh]], urged the international community to stop all support for the RSF, pointing to the militant group's destructive role in Sudan. Elsheikh also recommended to use social media in raising awareness about the Sudanese war, and to put pressure on the US elected officials to halt arms sales to the UAE.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Congressional Briefing: Report on UAE Intervention in Sudan, War Crimes, and Arms Export |url=https://www.washingtoncentre.org/2024/06/02/report-on-uae-intervention-in-sudan-war-crimes-and-arms-export-conference-by-amina-khan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603114840/https://www.washingtoncentre.org/2024/06/02/report-on-uae-intervention-in-sudan-war-crimes-and-arms-export-conference-by-amina-khan/ |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=4 June 2024 |work=Washington Center For Human Rights}}</ref> The latest report presented to the UN states that 2025 will see 30.4 million people in Sudan in need for humanitarian aid, due to the military conflict in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Crisis Response Plan 2024-2025 {{!}} Global Crisis Response Platform |url=https://crisisresponse.iom.int/response/sudan-crisis-response-plan-2024-2025 |access-date=2 January 2025 |website=crisisresponse.iom.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2025 |title=30.4 million in Sudan requiring humanitarian aid: UN report |url=https://www.bastillepost.com/global/article/4447891-30-4-million-in-sudan-requiring-humanitarian-aid-un-report |access-date=2 January 2025 |website=www.bastillepost.com}}</ref>