Editing Substance abuse (section)

===Psychological===
From the [[applied behavior analysis]] literature, [[behavioral psychology]], and from randomized [[clinical trials]], several evidenced based interventions have emerged: [[Integrative behavioral couples therapy|behavioral marital therapy]], [[motivational Interviewing]], [[Community Reinforcement Approach|community reinforcement approach]], [[exposure therapy]], [[contingency management]]<ref>{{Cite journal| last = O'Donohue| first = W|author2=K.E. Ferguson | title = Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology and Behavior Analysis| journal = The Behavior Analyst Today| volume = 7| issue = 3| pages = 335–350| year = 2006| url = http://www.baojournal.com|access-date=2008-03-24| doi=10.1037/h0100155}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| last = Chambless|first = D.L.| title = An update on empirically validated therapies| journal = Clinical Psychology| volume = 49| pages = 5–14| year = 1998| url = http://www.apa.org/divisions/div12/est/newrpt.pdf| access-date = 2008-03-24|display-authors=etal}}</ref> They help suppress cravings and mental anxiety, improve focus on treatment and new learning behavioral skills, ease withdrawal symptoms and reduce the chances of relapse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nihseniorhealth.gov/drugabuse/treatingsubstanceabuse/01.html|title=NIH Senior Health "Build With You in Mind": Survey|publisher=nihseniorhealth.gov|access-date=29 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811235108/http://nihseniorhealth.gov/drugabuse/treatingsubstanceabuse/01.html|archive-date=2015-08-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In children and adolescents, [[cognitive behavioral therapy]] (CBT)<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.abct.org/sccap/?m=sPublic&fa=pub_WhatIsCBT| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421114203/http://www.abct.org/sccap/?m=sPublic&fa=pub_WhatIsCBT| url-status=dead| archive-date=2010-04-21| title=Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies – What is CBT?}}</ref> and [[family therapy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abct.org/sccap/?m=sPublic&fa=pub_WhatIsFT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613124757/http://abct.org/SCCAP/?m=sPublic&fa=pub_WhatIsFT |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-06-13 | title =Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies – What is Family Therapy?}}</ref> currently has the most research evidence for the treatment of substance abuse problems. Well-established studies also include ecological family-based treatment and group CBT.<ref name=Hogue>{{cite journal|last1=Hogue|first1=A|last2=Henderson|first2=CE|last3=Ozechowski|first3=TJ|last4=Robbins|first4=MS|title=Evidence base on outpatient behavioral treatments for adolescent substance use: updates and recommendations 2007–2013.|journal=Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology |date=2014|volume=43|issue=5|pages=695–720|pmid=24926870|doi=10.1080/15374416.2014.915550|s2cid=10036629}}</ref> These treatments can be administered in a variety of different formats, each of which has varying levels of research support<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.abct.org/sccap/?m=sPublic&fa=pub_AlcoholAbuse | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421114343/http://www.abct.org/sccap/?m=sPublic&fa=pub_AlcoholAbuse | url-status=dead | archive-date=2010-04-21 | title=Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies – Treatment for Substance Use Disorders }}</ref> Research has shown that what makes group CBT most effective is that it promotes the development of social skills, developmentally appropriate emotional regulatory skills and other interpersonal skills.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Engle|first1=Bretton|last2=Macgowan|first2=Mark J.|date=2009-08-05|title=A Critical Review of Adolescent Substance Abuse Group Treatments|journal=Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work|volume=6|issue=3|pages=217–243|doi=10.1080/15433710802686971|issn=1543-3714|pmid=20183675|s2cid=3293758}}</ref> A few integrated<ref name="crd.york.ac.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/CRDWeb/ShowRecord.asp?ID=12011000198|title=Maternal substance use and integrated treatment programs for women with substance abuse issues and their children: a meta-analysis|website=crd.york.ac.uk|access-date=2016-03-09}}</ref> treatment models, which combines parts from various types of treatment, have also been seen as both well-established or probably effective.<ref name=Hogue /> A study on maternal alcohol and other drug use has shown that integrated treatment programs have produced significant results, resulting in higher negative results on toxicology screens.<ref name="crd.york.ac.uk"/> Additionally, brief school-based interventions have been found to be effective in reducing adolescent alcohol and cannabis use and abuse.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Brief school-based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance-using adolescents|journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue = 1|pages = CD008969|last1=Carney|first1=Tara|last2=Myers|first2=Bronwyn J|last3=Louw|first3=Johann|last4=Okwundu|first4=Charles I|date=2016-01-20| volume=2016 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd008969.pub3|pmid = 26787125|pmc = 7119449|hdl = 10019.1/104381|hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Motivational interviewing]] can also be effective in treating substance use disorder in adolescents.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jensen|first1=Chad D.|last2=Cushing|first2=Christopher C.|last3=Aylward|first3=Brandon S.|last4=Craig|first4=James T.|last5=Sorell|first5=Danielle M.|last6=Steele|first6=Ric G.|title=Effectiveness of motivational interviewing interventions for adolescent substance use behavior change: A meta-analytic review.|journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology|volume=79|issue=4|pages=433–440|doi=10.1037/a0023992|pmid=21728400|year=2011|s2cid=19892519}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barnett|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Sussman|first2=Steve|last3=Smith|first3=Caitlin|last4=Rohrbach|first4=Louise A.|last5=Spruijt-Metz|first5=Donna|title=Motivational Interviewing for adolescent substance use: A review of the literature|journal=Addictive Behaviors|volume=37|issue=12|pages=1325–1334|doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.07.001|pmc=3496394|pmid=22958865|year=2012}}</ref>

[[Alcoholics Anonymous]] and [[Narcotics Anonymous]] are widely known self-help organizations in which members support each other abstain from substances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.helpguide.org/articles/addiction/self-help-groups-for-alcohol-addiction.htm|title=Self-Help Groups Article|access-date=May 27, 2015|archive-date=May 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521163926/http://www.helpguide.org/articles/addiction/self-help-groups-for-alcohol-addiction.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Social skills]] are significantly impaired in people with [[alcoholism]] due to the [[neurotoxic]] effects of alcohol on the brain, especially the [[prefrontal cortex]] area of the brain.<ref name="pmid18412750">{{cite journal |vauthors=Uekermann J, Daum I |title=Social cognition in alcoholism: a link to prefrontal cortex dysfunction? |journal=Addiction |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=726–35 |date=May 2008|pmid=18412750|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02157.x }}</ref> It has been suggested that [[social skills]] training adjunctive to inpatient treatment of alcohol dependence is probably efficacious,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Purvis G. |author2=MacInnis D. M. | year = 2009 | title = Implementation of the Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA) in a Long-Standing Addictions Outpatient Clinic | url = http://baojournal.com/Health%20Journal/JBAHSFM-2-1.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101229132307/http://www.baojournal.com/Health%20Journal/JBAHSFM-2-1.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2010-12-29 | journal = Journal of Behavior Analysis of Sports, Health, Fitness and Behavioral Medicine | volume = 2 | pages = 133–44 }}</ref> including managing the social environment.