Editing Submarine (section)

====Cold-War military models====
[[File:HMAS Rankin at periscope depth.jpg|thumb|{{HMAS|Rankin|SSG 78|6}}, a {{sclass|Collins|submarine|2}} at periscope depth]]
[[File:USS Charlotte (SSN 766) steams in a close formation at RIMPAC 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|{{USS|Charlotte|SSN-766|6}}, a {{sclass|Los Angeles|submarine|2}} runs with submarines from partner nations during [[Exercise RIMPAC|RIMPAC]] 2014.]]

The first launch of a [[cruise missile]] ([[SSM-N-8 Regulus]]) from a submarine occurred in July 1953, from the deck of {{USS|Tunny|SSG-282|6}}, a World War II fleet boat modified to carry the missile with a [[nuclear weapon|nuclear warhead]]. ''Tunny'' and its sister boat, {{USS|Barbero|SSG-317|2}}, were the United States' first nuclear deterrent patrol submarines. In the 1950s, [[Nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear power]] partially replaced diesel–electric propulsion. Equipment was also developed to extract [[oxygen]] from sea water. These two innovations gave submarines the ability to remain submerged for weeks or months.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ussnautilus.org/history-of-uss-nautilus/ |title=History of USS Nautilus (SSN 571)|publisher=[[Submarine Force Library and Museum|Submarine Force Museum]]|year=2006|access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|author=Tony Long|url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/05/dayintech_0510|title=10 May 1960: USS ''Triton'' Completes First Submerged Circumnavigation|magazine=Wired|date=10 May 2007|access-date=18 April 2010}}</ref> Most of the naval submarines built since that time in the US, the Soviet Union (now Russia), the UK, and France have been powered by a [[nuclear reactor]].

In 1959–1960, the first [[ballistic missile submarine]]s were put into service by both the United States ({{sclass|George Washington|submarine|4}}) and the Soviet Union ({{sclass2|Golf|submarine|4}}) as part of the [[Cold War]] [[nuclear deterrent]] strategy.

During the Cold War, the US and the Soviet Union maintained large submarine fleets that engaged in cat-and-mouse games. The Soviet Union lost at least four submarines during this period: {{ship|Soviet submarine|K-129|1960|2}} was lost in 1968 (a part of which the [[CIA]] retrieved from the ocean floor with the [[Howard Hughes]]-designed ship [[Hughes Glomar Explorer|''Glomar Explorer'']]), {{ship|Soviet submarine|K-8||2}} in 1970, {{ship|Soviet submarine|K-219||2}} in 1986, and {{ship|Soviet submarine|Komsomolets||2}} in 1989 (which held a depth record among military submarines—{{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}). Many other Soviet subs, such as {{ship|Soviet submarine|K-19||2}} (the first Soviet nuclear submarine, and the first Soviet sub to reach the North Pole) were badly damaged by fire or radiation leaks. The US lost two nuclear submarines during this time: {{USS|Thresher|SSN-593|6}} due to equipment failure during a test dive while at its operational limit, and {{USS|Scorpion|SSN-589|6}} due to unknown causes.

During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], the [[Pakistan Navy]]'s {{ship|PNS|Hangor|S131|2}} sank the Indian frigate {{INS|Khukri|1958|6}}. This was the first sinking by a submarine since World War II.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} During the same war, {{ship|PNS|Ghazi||2}}, a ''Tench''-class submarine on loan to Pakistan from the US, was sunk by the [[Indian Navy]]. It was the first submarine combat loss since World War II.<ref name="BR">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-2/harry.html |title=The Sinking of the Ghazi |work=Bharat Rakshak Monitor, 4(2) |access-date=20 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128104709/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-2/harry.html |archive-date=28 November 2011 }}</ref> In 1982 during the [[Falklands War]], the Argentine cruiser {{ship|ARA|General Belgrano||2}} was sunk by the British submarine {{HMS|Conqueror|S48|6}}, the first sinking by a nuclear-powered submarine in war.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sink the Belgrano|last=Rossiter|first=Mike|publisher=Random House|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4070-3411-9|location=London|pages=305–18, 367–77|oclc=1004977305}}</ref> Some weeks later, on 16 June, during the [[1982 Lebanon War|Lebanon War]], an unnamed [[Gal-class submarine|Israeli submarine]] torpedoed and sank the Lebanese coaster ''Transit'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Stichting Maritiem Historische Data - Schip|url=https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=2654|access-date=11 February 2021|website=www.marhisdata.nl|language=dutch}}</ref> which was carrying 56 Palestinian refugees to [[Cyprus]], in the belief that the vessel was evacuating anti-Israeli militias. The ship was hit by two torpedoes, managed to run aground but eventually sank. There were 25 dead, including her captain. The [[Israeli Navy]] disclosed the incident in November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=22 November 2018|title=Israel admits it sank Lebanese refugee boat in 1982 war error, killing 25 — TV|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-admits-it-sank-lebanese-refugee-boat-in-1982-war-error-killing-25-tv/|access-date=11 February 2021|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />