Editing Stress (linguistics) (section)

== Stress "deafness" ==
An operational definition of word stress may be provided by the stress "deafness" paradigm<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dupoux |first1=Emmanuel |last2=Peperkamp |first2=Sharon |last3=Sebastián-Gallés |first3=Núria |date=2001 |title=A robust method to study stress "deafness" |journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=1606–1618 |bibcode=2001ASAJ..110.1606D |doi=10.1121/1.1380437 |pmid=11572370}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Rahmani |first1=Hamed |last2=Rietveld |first2=Toni |last3=Gussenhoven |first3=Carlos |date=2015-12-07 |title=Stress "Deafness" Reveals Absence of Lexical Marking of Stress or Tone in the Adult Grammar |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=e0143968 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1043968R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0143968 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4671725 |pmid=26642328 |doi-access=free}}</ref> first developed by Dupoux, [[Sharon Peperkamp|Peperkamp]] & Sebastián-Gallés (2001). The idea is that if listeners perform poorly on reproducing the presentation order of series of stimuli that minimally differ in the position of phonetic prominence (e.g. {{IPA|[númi]/[numí]}}), the language does not have word stress. The task involves a reproduction of the order of stimuli as a sequence of key strokes, whereby key "1" is associated with one stress location (e.g. {{IPA|[númi]}}) and key "2" with the other (e.g. {{IPA|[numí]}}). A trial may be from two to six stimuli in length. Thus, the order {{IPA|[númi-númi-numí-númi]}} is to be reproduced as "1121". It was found that listeners whose native language was French performed significantly worse than Spanish listeners in reproducing the stress patterns by key strokes. The explanation is that Spanish has lexically contrastive stress, as evidenced by the [[minimal pair]]s like {{lang|es|topo}} ({{Gloss|mole}}) and {{lang|es|topó}} ({{Gloss|[he/she/it] met}}), while in French, stress does not convey lexical information and there is no equivalent of stress minimal pairs as in Spanish.

An important case of stress "deafness" relates to [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref name=":0" /> The language has generally been described as having contrastive word stress or accent as evidenced by numerous stem and stem–clitic minimal pairs such as {{IPA|/mɒhi/|lang=fa}} {{IPA|[mɒ.hí]||lang=fa}} ({{Gloss|fish}}) and {{IPA|/mɒh-i/|lang=fa}} {{IPA|[mɒ́.hi]|lang=fa}} ({{Gloss|some month}}). The authors argue that the reason why Persian listeners are "stress-deaf" is that their accent locations arise postlexically. Persian thus lacks stress in the strict sense.

Stress "deafness" has been studied for a number of languages, such as Polish<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Domahs |first1=Ulrike |last2=Knaus |first2=Johannes |last3=Orzechowska |first3=Paula |last4=Wiese |first4=Richard |date=2012 |title=Stress 'deafness' in a language with fixed word stress: an ERP study on Polish |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=3|page=439 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00439 |pmid=23125839 |pmc=3485581 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and French learners of Spanish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dupoux |first1=Emmanuel |last2=Sebastián-Gallés |first2=N |last3=Navarrete |first3=E |last4=Peperkamp |first4=Sharon |date=2008 |title=Persistent stress 'deafness': The case of French learners of Spanish |journal=Cognition |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=682–706|doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2007.04.001 |pmid=17592731 |hdl=11577/2714082 |s2cid=2632741 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>