Editing Spirituality (section)

===="Spiritual but not religious"====
{{main|Spiritual but not religious}}
After the Second World War, spirituality and theistic religion became increasingly disconnected,{{sfn|Waaijman|2000|p=361}} and spirituality became more oriented on subjective experience, instead of "attempts to place the self within a broader ontological context".{{sfn|Saucier|Skrzypinska|2006|p=1259}} A new discourse developed, in which (humanistic) psychology, mystical and esoteric traditions and eastern religions are being blended, to reach the [[True self and false self|true self]] by [[self-disclosure]], free expression, and meditation.{{sfn|Houtman|Aupers|2007}}

The distinction between the spiritual and the religious became more common in the popular mind during the late 20th century with the rise of [[secularism]] and the advent of the [[New Age]] movement.  Authors such as Chris Griscom and [[Shirley MacLaine]] explored it in numerous ways in their books. [[Paul Heelas]] noted the development within New Age circles of what he called "seminar spirituality":<ref>Paul Heelas, ''The New Age Movement: The Celebration of the Self and the Sacralization of Modernity''. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996, p. 60. Cited in [[Anthony Giddens]]: ''Sociology''. Cambridge: Polity, 2001, p. 554.</ref> structured offerings complementing [[consumerism|consumer]] choice with spiritual options.

Among other factors, declining membership of organized religions and the growth of secularism in the [[Western culture|western world]] have given rise to this broader view of spirituality.<ref>Michael Hogan (2010). ''The Culture of Our Thinking in Relation to Spirituality''. Nova Science Publishers: New York.</ref> The term "spiritual" is now frequently used in contexts in which the term "religious" was formerly employed.{{sfn|Gorsuch|Miller|1999}} Both theists and atheists have criticized this development.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hollywood|first1=Amy|title=Spiritual but Not Religious: The Vital Interplay between Submission and Freedom|journal=Harvard Divinity Bulletin|date=Winter–Spring 2010|volume=38|issue=1 and 2|url=https://bulletin.hds.harvard.edu/spiritual-but-not-religious/|access-date=17 March 2021|publisher=Harvard Divinity School|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416001604/https://bulletin.hds.harvard.edu/spiritual-but-not-religious/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=David |first=Rabbi |url=https://ideas.time.com/2013/03/21/viewpoint-the-problem-with-being-spiritual-but-not-religious/ |title=Viewpoint: The Limitations of Being 'Spiritual but Not Religious' |publisher=TIME Ideas |access-date=2014-01-04 |date=2013-03-21 |archive-date=2013-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210050546/http://ideas.time.com/2013/03/21/viewpoint-the-problem-with-being-spiritual-but-not-religious/ |url-status=live }}</ref>