Editing Socratic method (section)

====Questioning methods====
Socratic seminars are based upon the interaction of peers. The focus is to explore multiple perspectives on a given issue or topic. [[Socratic questioning]] is used to help students apply the activity to their learning. The [[pedagogy]] of Socratic questions is open-ended, focusing on broad, general ideas rather than specific, factual information.<ref name=Copeland /> The questioning technique emphasizes a level of questioning and thinking where there is no single right answer.

Socratic seminars generally start with an open-ended question proposed either by the leader or by another participant.<ref name=Chorzempa /> There is no designated first speaker; as individuals participate in Socratic dialogue, they gain [[experience]] that enables them to be effective in this role of initial questioner.<ref name=Furman />

The leader keeps the topic focused by asking a variety of questions about the text itself, as well as questions to help clarify positions when arguments become confused. The leader also seeks to coax reluctant participants into the discussion, and to limit contributions from those who tend to dominate.<ref name=Furman /> She or he prompts participants to elaborate on their responses and to build on what others have said. The leader guides participants to deepen, clarify, and paraphrase, and to synthesize a variety of different views.<ref name=Furman />

The participants share the responsibility with the leader to maintain the quality of the Socratic circle. They listen actively to respond effectively to what others have contributed. This teaches the participants to think and speak persuasively using the discussion to support their position.<ref name=Copeland /> Participants must demonstrate respect for different ideas, thoughts and values, and must not interrupt each other.<ref name=Furman />

Questions can be created individually or in small groups.<ref name=Mangrum /> All participants are given the opportunity to take part in the discussion.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gose|first=Michael|title=When Socratic Dialogue Is Flagging; Questions and Strategies for Engaging Students|journal=College Teaching|year=2009|volume=57|issue=1|pages=45–50|doi=10.3200/CTCH.57.1.45-50|s2cid=144482413}}</ref> Socratic circles specify three types of questions to prepare:

# Opening questions generate discussion at the beginning of the seminar in order to elicit dominant themes.<ref name=Furman /><ref name=Mangrum />
# Guiding questions help deepen and elaborate the discussion, keeping contributions on topic and encouraging a positive atmosphere and consideration for others.
# Closing questions lead participants to summarize their thoughts and learning<ref name=Furman /> and personalize what they've discussed.<ref name=Mangrum />