Editing Slovakia (section)

=== The Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire (1000–1918) ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Hungary|Habsburg monarchy|Ottoman Empire}}

[[File:Istvan-ChroniconPictum.jpg|thumb|[[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]], [[King of Hungary]]]]

Following the disintegration of the [[Great Moravian Empire]] at the turn of the tenth century, the [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]] annexed the territory comprising modern Slovakia. After their defeat on the [[Battle of Lechfeld|river Lech]], the Hungarians abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the centre of the Carpathian valley, slowly adopting Christianity and began to build a new state—the [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://loststory.net/node/71 |title=The kingdom of Hungary |publisher=loststory.net |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611020526/http://loststory.net/node/71 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the years 1001–1002 and 1018–1029, Slovakia was part of the [[Kingdom of Poland]], having been conquered by [[Boleslaus I the Brave]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/827000163|title=Ottov historický atlas Slovensko|year=2012|publisher=Ottovo Nakladatelství|others=Pavol Kršák, Daniel Gurňák|isbn=978-80-7360-834-7|location=Praha|oclc=827000163|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027063740/https://www.worldcat.org/title/827000163|url-status=live}}</ref> After the territory of Slovakia was returned to Hungary, a semi-autonomous polity continued to exist (or was created in 1048 by king [[Andrew I of Hungary|Andrew I]]) called [[Duchy of Nitra]]. Comprising roughly the territory of [[Principality of Nitra]] and [[Bihar County|Bihar principality]], they formed what was called a ''tercia pars regni'', third of a kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Steinhübel|first=Ján|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/966315215|title=Nitrianské kniežatstvo : počiatky stredovekého Slovenska = The duchy of Nitra, the beginnings of the medieval Slovakia|year=2016|isbn=978-80-85501-64-3|edition=Druhé prepracované a doplnené vydanie|location=Bratislava|oclc=966315215|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027063744/https://www.worldcat.org/title/966315215|url-status=live}}</ref>

This polity existed up until 1108/1110, after which it was not restored. After this, up until the collapse of [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1918, the territory of Slovakia was an integral part of the Hungarian state.<ref>{{cite book|author=Felak, James Ramon |title=At the Price of the Republic: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, 1929–1938|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOlD_8Kw0K0C&pg=PA3|date=15 June 1995|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Pre|isbn=978-0-8229-7694-3|pages=3–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Schuster, Rudolf |title=The Slovak Republic: A Decade of Independence, 1993–2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Brjcd07bN6sC&pg=PA71|date=January 2004|publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers|isbn=978-0-86516-568-7|pages=71–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Prokhorov, A. M.|page=71|title=Great Soviet Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0kNAQAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Macmillan}}</ref> The ethnic composition of Slovakia became more diverse with the arrival of the [[Carpathian Germans]] in the 13th century and the [[Jews]] in the 14th century.

A significant decline in the population resulted from the [[Mongol invasion of Europe|invasion of the Mongols]] in 1241 and the subsequent famine. After the invasion, much of the territory was destroyed, but was recovered largely thanks to Hungarian king [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]]. However, in medieval times the area of Slovakia was characterised by German and [[Jewish]] immigration, burgeoning towns, construction of numerous stone castles, and the cultivation of the arts.<ref name="tibensky">{{cite book|author=Tibenský, Ján|title=Slovensko: Dejiny|publisher=Obzor|year=1971|location=Bratislava|display-authors=etal}}</ref> The arrival of German element sometimes proved a problem for the autochthonous Slovaks (and even Hungarians in the broader Hungary), since they often quickly gained most power in medieval towns, only to later refuse to share it. Breaking of old customs by Germans often resulted in national quarrels. One of which had to be sorted out by the king [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I.]] with the proclamation [[Privilegium pro Slavis]] (Privilege for Slovaks) in the year 1381. According to this privilege, Slovaks and [[Carpathian Germans|Germans]] were to occupy each half of the seats in the city council of [[Žilina]] and the mayor should be elected each year, alternating between those nationalities. This would not be the last such case.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/164889878|title=Žilina v slovenských dejinách : zborník z vedeckej konferencie k 620. výročiu udelenia výsad pre žilinských Slovákov : Žilina 7. mája 2001|year=2002|publisher=Knižné Centrum Vyd|others=Richard Marsina|isbn=80-8064-158-7|location=Žilina|oclc=164889878|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027063744/https://www.worldcat.org/title/164889878|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:1franci2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|One of the commanders of a Slovak volunteers' army captain [[Ján Francisci-Rimavský]] during the [[Slovak Uprising of 1848–49|fight for independence from the Kingdom of Hungary]]]]

In 1465, King [[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary|Matthias Corvinus]] founded the Hungarian Kingdom's third university, in Pressburg ([[Bratislava]]), but it was closed in 1490 after his death.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=City of Bratislava|url=http://www4.bratislava.sk/en/vismo5/dokumenty2.asp?u=700000&id_org=700000&id=2009414&|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507064915/http://www4.bratislava.sk/en/vismo5/dokumenty2.asp?u=700000&id_org=700000&id=2009414&|archive-date=7 May 2008|title=Academia Istropolitana|date=14 February 2005|access-date=5 January 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Hussites]] also settled in the region after the [[Hussite Wars]].<ref name="books.google.pl">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qgHE29pikMC&q=turks+in+upper+hungary&pg=PA85|title=The History of the Czech Republic and Slovakia|first=William|last=Mahoney|date=18 February 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313363061|via=Google Books|access-date=21 November 2020|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121210619/https://books.google.com/books?id=5qgHE29pikMC&q=turks+in+upper+hungary&pg=PA85|url-status=live}}</ref>

Owing to the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s expansion into Hungarian territory, [[Bratislava]] was designated the new capital of Hungary in 1536, ahead of the fall of the old Hungarian capital of [[Buda]] in 1541. It became part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy, marking the beginning of a new era. The territory comprising modern Slovakia, then known as [[Upper Hungary]], became the place of settlement for nearly two-thirds of the [[Magyar tribes|Magyar]] nobility fleeing the Turks and became far more linguistically and culturally Hungarian than it was before.<ref name="books.google.pl"/> Partly thanks to old [[Hussite]] families and Slovaks studying under [[Martin Luther]], the region then experienced a growth in [[Protestantism]].<ref name="books.google.pl"/> For a short period in the 17th century, most Slovaks were [[Lutherans]].<ref name="books.google.pl"/> They defied the Catholic Habsburgs and sought protection from neighbouring [[Transylvania]], a rival continuation of the [[Magyar tribes|Magyar]] state that practised religious tolerance and normally had Ottoman backing. Upper Hungary, modern Slovakia, became the site of frequent wars between Catholics in the west territory and Protestants in the east, as well as against Turks; the frontier was on a constant state of military alert and heavily fortified by castles and citadels often manned by Catholic German and Slovak troops on the Habsburg side. By 1648, Slovakia was not spared the [[Counter-Reformation]], which brought the majority of its population from Lutheranism back to [[Roman Catholicism]]. In 1655, the printing press at the [[Trnava]] university produced the Jesuit Benedikt Szöllősi's Cantus Catholici, a Catholic hymnal in Slovak that reaffirmed links to the earlier works of Cyril and Methodius.

The [[Ottoman wars in Europe|Ottoman wars]], the rivalry between Austria and [[Transylvania]], and the frequent insurrections against the [[Habsburg monarchy]] inflicted a great deal of devastation, especially in the rural areas.<ref>"[http://www.slovakiasite.com/history-hungary.php Part of Hungary, Turkish occupation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609042837/https://www.slovakiasite.com/history-hungary.php |date=9 June 2023 }}". Slovakiasite.com</ref> In the [[Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664)]] a Turkish army led by the [[Grand Vizier]] decimated Slovakia.<ref name="books.google.pl"/> In 1682, the [[Principality of Upper Hungary]], a short-lived Ottoman vassal state, was established in the territory of modern Slovakia. Prior to this, regions on its southern rim were already encompassed in the [[Eğri Eyalet|Egri]], [[Budin Eyalet|Budin]] and [[Uyvar Eyalet|Uyvar]] [[eyalet]]s.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |year=2010 |title=The Ottoman history of Slovakia |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20035850/the-ottoman-history-of-slovakia.html |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=The Slovak Spectator |language=en |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026214449/https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20035850/the-ottoman-history-of-slovakia.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Ágoston |first=Gábor |year=1998 |title=HABSBURGS AND OTTOMANS: Defense, Military Change and Shifts in Power |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43385414 |journal=Turkish Studies Association Bulletin |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=126–141 |jstor=43385414 |issn=0275-6048 |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216230630/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43385414 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Emeric Thököly|Thököly]]'s [[kuruc]] rebels from the Principality of Upper Hungary fought alongside the Turks against the Austrians and Poles at the [[Battle of Vienna]] of 1683 led by [[John III Sobieski]]. As the [[Great Turkish War|Turks withdrew]] from Hungary in the late 17th century, the importance of the territory composing modern Slovakia decreased, although [[Pressburg]] retained its status as the capital of Hungary until 1848 when it was transferred back to Buda.<ref>[http://www.slovakiasite.com/bratislava.php Bratislava] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727172329/https://www.slovakiasite.com/bratislava.php |date=27 July 2023 }}. Slovakiasite.com</ref>

During the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas|revolution of 1848–49]], the Slovaks supported the [[Emperor of Austria|Austrian Emperor]], hoping for independence from the Hungarian part of the [[Austria-Hungary|Dual Monarchy]], they failed to achieve their aim, but the conflict resulted in Slovak rights for language. 

Thereafter, relations between the nationalities deteriorated (see [[Magyarisation]]), culminating in the secession of Slovakia from Hungary after World War I.<ref>{{cite web|title=Divided Memories: The Image of the First World War in the Historical Memory of Slovaks|publisher=Slovak Sociological Review, Issue 3|year=2003|url=http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=d5aaf7a2-7ccf-4f83-9409-e74d93a37525&articleId=283fe9e3-f8ed-463a-92cd-69ec0cb28b52|access-date=25 November 2012|archive-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315170139/https://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=d5aaf7a2-7ccf-4f83-9409-e74d93a37525&articleId=283fe9e3-f8ed-463a-92cd-69ec0cb28b52|url-status=live}}</ref>