Editing Slavonia (section)

====Topography====
[[File:Orahovacko-jezero-(20100707)-2.jpg|thumb|left|Orahovac Lake]]
{{see also|Pannonian Basin}}
<div style="float:right; margin-left:10px">
{|class="wikitable"
|+Mountains of Slavonia<ref name="DZS-Stat2010"/>
|-
! Mountain
! Peak
! Elevation
! Coordinates
|-align=center
| [[Psunj]] || Brezovo Polje || {{convert|984|m|abbr=on}} || {{Coord|45|24|N|17|19|E|region:HR_type:mountain}}
|-align=center
| [[Papuk]] || Papuk || {{convert|953|m|abbr=on}} || {{coord|45|32|N|17|39|E|region:HR_type:mountain}}
|-align=center
| [[Krndija]] || Kapovac || {{convert|792|m|abbr=on}} || {{coord|45|27|N|17|55|E|region:HR_type:mountain}}
|-align=center
| [[Požeška Gora]] || Kapavac || {{convert|618|m|abbr=on}} || {{Coord|45|17|N|17|35|E|region:HR_type:mountain}}
|}
</div>
[[File:State Stud Farm in Đakovo (Croatia), location Ivandvor, 2015-05-01 (1301).JPG|thumb|right|[[Đakovo Stud|State Stud Farm Đakovo]]]]
Slavonia is entirely located in the [[Pannonian Basin]], one of three major [[Geomorphology|geomorphological]] parts of Croatia.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Construction and Spatial Planning (Croatia)]]|url=http://klima.mzopu.hr/UserDocsImages/Nacionalno_izv_KLIMA_23022007.pdf|title=Drugo, trece i cetvrto nacionalno izvješće Republike Hrvatske prema Okvirnoj konvenciji Ujedinjenih naroda o promjeni klime (UNFCCC)|trans-title=The second, third and fourth national report of the Republic of Croatia pursuant to the United Nations Framework Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC)|language=hr|date=November 2006|access-date=2 March 2012|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083541/http://klima.mzopu.hr/UserDocsImages/Nacionalno_izv_KLIMA_23022007.pdf}}</ref> The Pannonian Basin took shape through [[Miocene|Miocenian]] thinning and [[subsidence]] of crust structures formed during Late [[Paleozoic]] [[Variscan orogeny]]. The Paleozoic and [[Mesozoic]] structures are visible in [[Papuk]], [[Psunj]] and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to the formation of a [[Stratovolcano|stratovolcanic]] chain in the basin 17&nbsp;– 12&nbsp;[[Mya (unit)|Mya]] (million years ago) and intensified subsidence observed until 5&nbsp;Mya as well as [[flood basalt]]s about 7.5&nbsp;Mya. Contemporary uplift of the [[Carpathian Mountains]] prevented water flowing to the [[Black Sea]], and the [[Pannonian Sea]] formed in the basin. Sediments were transported to the basin from uplifting Carpathian and [[Dinaric Alps|Dinaric mountains]], with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the [[Pleistocene]] during the uplift of the [[Transdanubian Mountains]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GClF-4rtvoIC|title=Recent Landform Evolution: The Carpatho-Balkan-Dinaric Region|isbn=978-94-007-2447-1|author=Milos Stankoviansky |author2=Adam Kotarba |publisher=Springer|year=2012|access-date=2 March 2012|pages=14–18}}</ref> Ultimately, up to {{convert|3000|m|abbr=off}} of the sediment was deposited in the basin, and the Pannonian sea eventually drained through the [[Iron Gate (Danube)|Iron Gate]] gorge.<ref>{{cite book|page=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJNODA_0IOgC|title=The Nature Guide to the Hortobagy and Tisza River Floodplain, Hungary|author=Dirk Hilbers|publisher=[[Crossbill Guides Foundation]]|year=2008|isbn=978-90-5011-276-5|access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref> In the southern Pannonian Basin, the [[Neogene]] to [[Quaternary]] sediment depth is normally lower, averaging {{convert|500|to|1500|m|abbr=off}}, except in central parts of depressions formed by [[subduction]]—around {{convert|4000|m|abbr=off}} in the Slavonia-Syrmia depression, {{convert|5500|m|abbr=off}} in the Sava depression and nearly {{convert|7000|m|abbr=off}} in the Drava depression, with the deepest sediment found between Virovitica and Slatina.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Geologia Croatica|publisher=Croatian Geological Institute|issn=1333-4875|volume=56|issue=1|date=June 2003|title=Tertiary Subsurface Facies, Source Rocks and Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the SW Part of the Pannonian Basin (Northern Croatia and South-Western Hungary)|pages=101–122|author=Bruno Saftić |author2=Josipa Velić |author3=Orsola Sztanó |author4=Györgyi Juhász |author5=Željko Ivković |doi=10.4154/232 |s2cid=34321638 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2003GeolC..56..101S }}</ref>

The results of those processes are large [[plain]]s in eastern Slavonia, Baranya and Syrmia, as well as in river valleys, especially along the Sava, Drava and [[Kupa]]. The plains are interspersed by the [[Horst (geology)|horst]] and [[graben]] structures, believed to have broken the Pannonian Sea surface as [[Pannonian island mountains|islands]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}} The tallest among such landforms in Slavonia are {{convert|984|m|adj=on}} [[Psunj]], and {{convert|953|m|adj=on}} Papuk—flanking the [[Požega Valley]] from the west and the north.<ref name="DZS-Stat2010"/> These two and [[Krndija]], adjacent to Papuk, consist mostly of Paleozoic rocks which are 350&nbsp;– 300&nbsp;million years old. [[Požeška Gora]] and [[Dilj]], to the east of Psunj and enveloping the valley from the south, consist of much more recent Neogene rocks, but Požeška Gora also contains Upper [[Cretaceous]] sediments and [[igneous rocks]] forming the main, {{convert|30|km|adj=on}} [[ridge]] of the hill and representing the largest igneous landform in Croatia. A smaller igneous landform is also present on Papuk, near Voćin.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Papuk Geopark]]|url=http://www.papukgeopark.com/publikacije/geo_vodic1_30.pdf|title=Geološki vodič kroz park prirode Papuk|author1=Jakob Pamić |author2=Goran Radonić |author3=Goran Pavić |language=hr|trans-title=Geological guide to the Papuk Nature Park|access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref> The two mountains, as well as [[Moslavačka gora]], west of Pakrac, are possible remnants of a [[volcanic arc]] related to [[Alpine orogeny]]—uplifting of the Dinaric Alps.<ref name="EGU">{{cite journal|journal=EGU Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series|publisher=[[Copernicus Publications]]|title=Evolution of the northern and western Dinarides: a tectonostratigraphic approach|author=Vlasta Tari-Kovačić|year=2002|volume=1 |pages=223–236|issn=1868-4556|access-date=3 March 2012|url=http://www.stephan-mueller-spec-publ-ser.net/1/223/2002/smsps-1-223-2002.pdf|issue=1|doi=10.5194/smsps-1-223-2002 |bibcode=2002SMSPS...1..223T |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Đakovo&nbsp;– Vukovar [[loess]] plain, extending eastward from Dilj and representing the watershed between the [[Vuka (river)|Vuka]] and [[Bosut (river)|Bosut]] rivers, gradually rises to the [[Fruška Gora]] south of Ilok.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Službeni glasnik Vukovarsko-srijemske županije|issn=1846-0925|issue=18|volume=14|date=27 December 2006|publisher=[[Vukovar-Syrmia County]]|url=http://www.vusz.hr/Cms_Data/Contents/VSZ/Folders/dokumenti/sluzbeni_vjesnik/~contents/ZMV2ASW7N9CZZU2F/2010-2-10-329363-vjesnik18-06.pdf|language=hr|title=Izviješće o stanju okoliša Vukovarsko-srijemske županije|trans-title=Report on environmental conditions in the Vukovar-Syrmia County|access-date=3 June 2012|pages=1–98|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040558/http://www.vusz.hr/Cms_Data/Contents/VSZ/Folders/dokumenti/sluzbeni_vjesnik/~contents/ZMV2ASW7N9CZZU2F/2010-2-10-329363-vjesnik18-06.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{wide image|Cornfield.jpg|1000px|{{Center|Plain near [[Đakovo]] after harvest}}}}
{{wide image|Slavonia (20303286292).jpg|800px|{{Center|Slavonia landscapes}}}}