Editing Size-exclusion chromatography (section)

==Absolute size-exclusion chromatography==
Absolute size-exclusion chromatography (ASEC) is a technique that couples a light scattering instrument, most commonly [[multi-angle light scattering]] (MALS) or another form of [[static light scattering]] (SLS), but possibly a [[dynamic light scattering]] (DLS) instrument, to a size-exclusion chromatography system for absolute molar mass and/or size measurements of proteins and macromolecules as they elute from the chromatography system.<ref name=":22">{{cite journal|last1=Some|first1=D|last2=Amartely|first2=H|last3=Tsadok|first3=A|last4=Lebendiker|first4=M|title=Characterization of Proteins by Size-Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to Multi-Angle Light Scattering (SEC-MALS)|journal=[[Journal of Visualized Experiments]]|date=2019|volume=2019|issue=148|pages=|doi=10.3791/59615|pmid=31282880|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The definition of “absolute” in this case is that calibration of retention time on the column with a set of reference standards is not required to obtain molar mass or the hydrodynamic size, often referred to as hydrodynamic diameter (D<sub>H</sub> in units of nm). Non-ideal column interactions, such as electrostatic or hydrophobic surface interactions that modulate retention time relative to standards, do not impact the final result. Likewise, differences between conformation of the analyte and the standard have no effect on an absolute measurement; for example, with MALS analysis, the molar mass of inherently disordered proteins are characterized accurately even though they elute at much earlier times than globular proteins with the same molar mass, and the same is true of branched polymers which elute late compared to linear reference standards with the same molar mass.<ref name=":22" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wyatt |first1=Philip J. |title=Light scattering and the absolute characterization of macromolecules |journal=Analytica Chimica Acta |date=1 February 1993 |volume=272 |issue=1 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.1016/0003-2670(93)80373-S |bibcode=1993AcAC..272....1W |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/000326709380373S}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Podzimek |first1=Stepan |title=Truths and myths about the determination of molar mass distribution of synthetic and natural polymers by size exclusion chromatography |journal=Journal of Applied Polymer Science |date=April 5, 2014 |volume=131 |issue=7 |page=40111 |doi=10.1002/app.40111|doi-access=free }}</ref> Another benefit of ASEC is that the molar mass and/or size is determined at each point in an eluting peak, and therefore indicates homogeneity or polydispersity within the peak. For example, SEC-MALS analysis of a monodisperse protein will show that the entire peak consists of molecules with the same molar mass, something that is not possible with standard SEC analysis.

Determination of molar mass with SLS requires combining the light scattering measurements with concentration measurements. Therefore SEC-MALS typically includes the light scattering detector and either a [[differential refractometer]] or UV/Vis absorbance detector. In addition, MALS determines the rms radius R<sub>g</sub> of molecules above a certain size limit, typically 10&nbsp;nm. SEC-MALS can therefore analyze the conformation of polymers via the relationship of molar mass to R<sub>g</sub>. For smaller molecules, either DLS or, more commonly, a differential viscometer is added to determine hydrodynamic radius and evaluate molecular conformation in the same manner.

In SEC-DLS, the sizes of the macromolecules are measured as they elute into the flow cell of the DLS instrument from the size exclusion column set. The hydrodynamic size of the molecules or particles are measured and not their molecular weights. For proteins a Mark-Houwink type of calculation can be used to estimate the molecular weight from the hydrodynamic size.

A major advantage of DLS coupled with SEC is the ability to obtain enhanced DLS resolution.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lab on a chip technology: Biomolecular separation and analysis|last1=Herold|first1=Keith E.|last2=Rasooly|first2=Avraham|date=2009|publisher=Horizon Scientific Press|isbn=9781904455462|volume=2|location=Norfolk, UK|pages=170|oclc=430080586|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Batch DLS is quick and simple and provides a direct measure of the average size, but the baseline resolution of DLS is a ratio of 3:1 in diameter. Using SEC, the proteins and protein oligomers are separated, allowing oligomeric resolution. Aggregation studies can also be done using ASEC. Though the aggregate concentration may not be calculated with light scattering (an online concentration detector such as that used in SEC-MALS for molar mass measurement also determines aggregate concentration), the size of the aggregate can be measured, only limited by the maximum size eluting from the SEC columns.

Limitations of ASEC with DLS detection include flow-rate, concentration, and precision. Because a correlation function requires anywhere from 3–7 seconds to properly build, a limited number of data points can be collected across the peak. ASEC with SLS detection is not limited by flow rate and measurement time is essentially instantaneous, and the range of concentration is several orders of magnitude larger than for DLS. However, molar mass analysis with SEC-MALS does require accurate concentration measurements. MALS and DLS detectors are often combined in a single instrument for more comprehensive absolute analysis following separation by SEC.