Editing Sintering (section)

== Pressureless sintering ==
Pressureless sintering is the sintering of a powder compact (sometimes at very high temperatures, depending on the powder) without applied pressure. This avoids density variations in the final component, which occurs with more traditional hot pressing methods.<ref name="Microstructure Evolution">{{cite journal|last1=Maca|first1=Karel|title=Microstructure evolution during pressureless sintering of bulk oxide ceramics|journal=Processing and Application of Ceramics|date=2009|volume=3|issue=1–2|pages=13–17|doi=10.2298/pac0902013m|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The powder compact (if a ceramic) can be created by [[slip casting]], [[injection moulding]], and [[Isostatic press|cold isostatic pressing]]. After presintering, the final green compact can be machined to its final shape before being sintered.

Three different heating schedules can be performed with pressureless sintering: constant-rate of heating (CRH), rate-controlled sintering (RCS), and two-step sintering (TSS). The microstructure and grain size of the ceramics may vary depending on the material and method used.<ref name="Microstructure Evolution"/>

Constant-rate of heating (CRH), also known as temperature-controlled sintering, consists of heating the green compact at a constant rate up to the sintering temperature.<ref name="Effect of sintering">{{cite journal|last1=Maca|first1=Karl|last2=Simonikova|first2=Sarka|title=Effect of sintering schedule on grain size of oxide ceramics|journal=Journal of Materials Science|date=2005|volume=40|issue=21|pages=5581–5589|doi=10.1007/s10853-005-1332-1|bibcode=2005JMatS..40.5581M|s2cid=137157248}}</ref> Experiments with zirconia have been performed to optimize the sintering temperature and sintering rate for CRH method. Results showed that the grain sizes were identical when the samples were sintered to the same density, proving that grain size is a function of specimen density rather than CRH temperature mode.

In rate-controlled sintering (RCS), the densification rate in the open-porosity phase is lower than in the CRH method.<ref name="Effect of sintering"/> By definition, the relative density, ρ<sub>rel</sub>, in the open-porosity phase is lower than 90%. Although this should prevent separation of pores from grain boundaries, it has been proven statistically that RCS did not produce smaller grain sizes than CRH for alumina, zirconia, and ceria samples.<ref name="Microstructure Evolution"/>

Two-step sintering (TSS) uses two different sintering temperatures. The first sintering temperature should guarantee a relative density higher than 75% of theoretical sample density. This will remove supercritical pores from the body. The sample will then be cooled down and held at the second sintering temperature until densification is completed. Grains of cubic zirconia and cubic strontium titanate were significantly refined by TSS compared to CRH. However, the grain size changes in other ceramic materials, like tetragonal zirconia and hexagonal alumina, were not statistically significant.<ref name="Microstructure Evolution"/>