Editing Sildenafil (section)

==Non-medical use==

===Recreational use===
Sildenafil's popularity with young adults has increased over the years.<ref name=USAToday>{{cite news|vauthors=Peterson K|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2001-03-21-viagra-abuse.htm|title=Young men add Viagra to their drug arsenal|work=[[USA Today]]|date=21 March 2001|access-date=27 December 2013|archive-date=4 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904174441/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2001-03-21-viagra-abuse.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Sildenafil's brand name, Viagra, is widely recognized in popular culture, and the drug's association with treating erectile dysfunction has led to its recreational use.<ref name=JAPA>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith KM, Romanelli F | title = Recreational use and misuse of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors | journal = Journal of the American Pharmacists Association | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–72; quiz 73–5 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15730119 | doi = 10.1331/1544345052843165 }}</ref> The reasons behind such use include the belief that the drug increases libido, improves sexual performance,<ref name=JAPA/> or permanently increases penis size.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theonlineclinic.co.uk/news/2012/12/24/SildenafilWillNotAffectLibidoFact.aspx|title=Sildenafil Will Not Affect Libido - Fact!|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=21 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821085902/http://www.theonlineclinic.co.uk/news/2012/12/24/SildenafilWillNotAffectLibidoFact.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Studies on the effects of sildenafil when used recreationally are limited, but suggest it has little effect when used by those who do not have erectile dysfunction. In one study, a 25&nbsp;mg dose was shown to cause no significant change in erectile quality, but did reduce the postejaculatory [[Refractory period (sex)|refractory time]].<ref name=Mondaini>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mondaini N, Ponchietti R, Muir GH, Montorsi F, Di Loro F, Lombardi G, Rizzo M | title = Sildenafil does not improve sexual function in men without erectile dysfunction but does reduce the postorgasmic refractory time | journal = International Journal of Impotence Research | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 225–8 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12904810 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901005 | s2cid = 22508049 | doi-access = }}</ref> This study also noted a significant [[placebo effect]] in the control group.<ref name=Mondaini/>

Unprescribed recreational use of sildenafil and other PDE5 inhibitors is noted as particularly high among users of illegal drugs.<ref name="pmid">{{cite journal | vauthors = McCambridge J, Mitcheson L, Hunt N, Winstock A | title = The rise of Viagra among British illicit drug users: 5-year survey data | journal = Drug and Alcohol Review | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 111–3 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16627299 | doi = 10.1080/09595230500537167 | s2cid = 40250895 }}<br>- {{cite journal | vauthors = Eloi-Stiven ML, Channaveeraiah N, Christos PJ, Finkel M, Reddy R | title = Does marijuana use play a role in the recreational use of sildenafil? | journal = The Journal of Family Practice | volume = 56 | issue = 11 | pages = E1-4 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17976333 }}</ref> Sildenafil is sometimes used to counteract the effects of other substances, often illicit.<ref name=JAPA/> Some users mix it with [[methylenedioxymethamphetamine]] ([[MDMA]], ecstasy), other stimulants, or opiates in an attempt to compensate for the common side effect of erectile dysfunction, a combination known as "[[sextasy]]", "rockin' and rollin'", "hammerheading", or "trail mix".<ref name=JAPA/> Mixing it with [[amyl nitrite]], another [[vasodilator]], is particularly dangerous and potentially fatal.<ref name=JAPA/>

===Jet lag research===
The 2007 [[Ig Nobel Prize]] in aviation went to Patricia V. Agostino, Santiago A. Plano, and [[Diego Golombek|Diego A. Golombek]] of [[Universidad Nacional de Quilmes]], Argentina, for their discovery that sildenafil helps treat [[jet lag]] recovery in [[hamster]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html#ig2007 |title=The 2007 Ig Nobel Prize Winners |publisher=Improbable Research |date=4 October 2007 |access-date=10 February 2009 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126124951/http://www.improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html#ig2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="pmid17519328">{{cite journal | vauthors = Agostino PV, Plano SA, Golombek DA | title = Sildenafil accelerates reentrainment of circadian rhythms after advancing light schedules | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 104 | issue = 23 | pages = 9834–9 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17519328 | pmc = 1887561 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0703388104 | bibcode = 2007PNAS..104.9834A | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Sports===
Professional athletes have been documented using sildenafil, believing the opening of their blood vessels will enrich their muscles. In turn, they believe it will enhance their performances.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Thompson T, Red C, O'Keefffe M, Vinton N|title=Source: Roger Clemens, host of athletes pop Viagra to help onfield performance |work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |date=10 June 2008 |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/baseball/yankees/source-roger-clemens-host-athletes-pop-viagra-onfield-performance-article-1.171270 |access-date=10 February 2009| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814120852/https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/baseball/yankees/source-roger-clemens-host-athletes-pop-viagra-onfield-performance-article-1.171270| archive-date=14 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Busbee J | url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nfl-shutdown-corner/bears-brandon-marshall-says-nfl-players-viagra-field-184549686--nfl.html | title = Bears' Brandon Marshall says some NFL players use Viagra … ON THE FIELD | work = [[Yahoo! Sports]] | date = 28 November 2012 | access-date = 28 November 2012 | archive-date = 5 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041235/https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nfl-shutdown-corner/bears-brandon-marshall-says-nfl-players-viagra-field-184549686--nfl.html | url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Analogs===
[[Acetildenafil]] and other synthetic [[structural analog]]s of sildenafil which are PDE5 inhibitors have been found as [[adulterants]] in a number of "herbal" aphrodisiac products sold over-the-counter.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Venhuis BJ, de Kaste D | title = Towards a decade of detecting new analogues of sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil in food supplements: a history, analytical aspects and health risks | journal = Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis | volume = 69 | pages = 196–208 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22464558 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.02.014 }}</ref> These analogs have not undergone any of the rigorous testing that drugs like sildenafil have passed, and thus have unknown side-effect profiles.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Oh SS, Zou P, Low MY, Koh HL | title = Detection of sildenafil analogues in herbal products for erectile dysfunction | journal = Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A | volume = 69 | issue = 21 | pages = 1951–8 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 16982533 | doi = 10.1080/15287390600751355 | bibcode = 2006JTEHA..69.1951S | s2cid = 40831895 }}</ref> Some attempts have been made to ban these drugs, but progress has been slow so far, as, even in those jurisdictions that have laws targeting designer drugs, the laws are drafted to ban analogs of illegal drugs of abuse, rather than analogs of prescription medicines. However, at least one court case has resulted in a product being taken off the market.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Venhuis BJ, Blok-Tip L, de Kaste D | title = Designer drugs in herbal aphrodisiacs | journal = Forensic Science International | volume = 177 | issue = 2–3 | pages = e25-7 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18178354 | doi = 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.11.007 }}</ref>

The US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) has banned numerous products claiming to be ''[[Eurycoma longifolia]]'' that, in fact, contain only analogs of sildenafil.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2005/ucm075981.htm|title=FDA letter to Libidus distributor|url-status=dead|website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)|date=11 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202145/https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2005/ucm075981.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108690.htm|title=FDA Warns Consumers About Dangerous Ingredients in "Dietary Supplements" Promoted for Sexual Enhancement|url-status=dead|website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118090958/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108690.htm|date=12 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm048386.htm|title=Hidden Risks of Erectile Dysfunction 'Treatments' Sold Online|date=21 February 2009|website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423031555/https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm048386.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Sellers of such fake herbals typically respond by just changing the names of their products.