Editing Sigmund Freud (section)

=== Escape from Nazism ===

In January 1933, the [[Nazi Party]] took control of Germany, and Freud's books were prominent among [[Nazi book burnings|those they burned]]. Freud remarked to [[Ernest Jones]]: "What progress we are making. In the [[Middle Ages]] they would have burned me. Now, they are content with burning my books."<ref>Gay 2006, pp. 592–93.</ref> Freud underestimated the growing Nazi threat and remained determined to stay in Vienna, even following the [[Anschluss]] of 13 March 1938 and the outbreaks of violent [[antisemitism]] that ensued.<ref name="Gay618">Gay 2006, pp. 618–20, 624–25.</ref> Jones, the then president of the [[International Psychoanalytical Association]] (IPA), flew into Vienna on 15 March determined to get Freud to change his mind and seek exile in Britain. This prospect and the shock of the arrest and interrogation of Anna Freud by the [[Gestapo]] finally convinced Freud it was time to leave.<ref name=Gay618/> Jones left for London the following week with a list provided by Freud of the party of émigrés for whom immigration permits would be required. Back in London, Jones used his personal acquaintance with the Home Secretary, [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Sir Samuel Hoare]], to expedite the granting of permits. There were seventeen in all, and work permits were provided where relevant. Jones also used his influence in scientific circles, persuading the president of the [[Royal Society]], [[William Henry Bragg|Sir William Bragg]], to write to the Foreign Secretary [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Halifax]], requesting to good effect that diplomatic pressure be applied in Berlin and Vienna on Freud's behalf. Freud also had support from American diplomats, notably his ex-patient and American ambassador to France, [[William Christian Bullitt, Jr.|William Bullitt]]. Bullitt alerted U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] to the increased dangers facing the Freuds, resulting in the American consul-general in Vienna, [[John Cooper Wiley]], arranging regular monitoring of Berggasse 19. He also intervened by phone during the Gestapo interrogation of Anna Freud.<ref>Cohen 2009, pp. 152–53.</ref>

The departure from Vienna occurred in stages throughout late April and early May 1938. Freud's grandson, Ernst Halberstadt, and Freud's son Martin's wife and children left for Paris in April. Freud's sister-in-law, Minna Bernays, left for London on 5 May, Martin Freud the following week and Freud's daughter Mathilde and her husband, Robert Hollitscher, on 24 May.<ref>Cohen 2009, pp. 157–59.</ref>

By the end of the month, arrangements for Freud's own departure for London had become stalled, mired in a legally tortuous and financially extortionate process of negotiation with the Nazi authorities. Under regulations imposed on the Jewish population by the Nazis, a ''[[Reichskommissar|Kommissar]]'' was appointed to manage Freud's assets and those of the IPA. Freud was allocated to Dr Anton Sauerwald, who had studied chemistry at [[Vienna University]] under Professor [[Josef Herzig]], an old friend of Freud's. Sauerwald read Freud's books to further learn about him and became sympathetic. Though required to disclose details of all Freud's bank accounts to his superiors and to arrange the destruction of the historic library of books housed at the IPA, Sauerwald did neither. Instead, he removed evidence of Freud's foreign bank accounts to his own safe-keeping and arranged the storage of the IPA library in the Austrian National Library, where it remained until the end of the war.<ref>Cohen 2009, p. 160.</ref>

[[File:Freud Museum London 2.jpg|thumb|right|Freud's last home, now dedicated to his life and work as the [[Freud Museum]], {{nowrap|20 Maresfield Gardens,}} [[Hampstead]], north London]]
[[File:Sigmund Freud (4625084022).jpg|thumb|right|Close up of his commemorative Blue plaque (commissioned by [[English Heritage]]) at his Hampstead home]]

Though Sauerwald's intervention lessened the financial burden of the [[Reich Flight Tax|''Reich'' Flight Tax]] on Freud's declared assets, other substantial charges were levied concerning the debts of the IPA and the valuable collection of antiquities Freud possessed. Unable to access his own accounts, Freud turned to [[Princess Marie Bonaparte]], the most eminent and wealthy of his French followers, who had travelled to Vienna to offer her support, and it was she who made the necessary funds available.<ref>Cohen 2009, p. 166</ref> This allowed Sauerwald to sign the necessary exit visas for Freud, his wife Martha, and daughter Anna. They left Vienna on the [[Orient Express]] on 4 June, accompanied by their housekeeper and a doctor, arriving in Paris the following day, where they stayed as guests of Marie Bonaparte, before travelling overnight to London, arriving at [[London Victoria station]] on 6 June.

Among those soon to call on Freud in London to pay their respects were [[Salvador Dalí]], [[Stefan Zweig]], [[Leonard Woolf|Leonard]] and [[Virginia Woolf]], and [[H. G. Wells]]. Representatives of the [[Royal Society]] called with the Society's Charter for Freud, who had been elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1936|Foreign Member]] in 1936, to sign himself into membership. Marie Bonaparte arrived near the end of June to discuss the fate of Freud's four elderly sisters in Vienna. Her subsequent attempts to get them exit visas failed; they all were murdered in [[Nazi concentration camps]].<ref>Cohen 2009, pp. 178, 205–07.</ref>

In early 1939, Sauerwald arrived in London in mysterious circumstances, where he met Freud's brother Alexander.<ref>Schur, Max (1972) ''Freud: Living and Dying'', London: Hogarth Press, pp. 498–99.</ref> He was tried and imprisoned in 1945 by an Austrian court for his activities as a Nazi Party official. Responding to a plea from his wife, Anna Freud wrote to confirm that Sauerwald "used his office as our appointed commissar in such a manner as to protect my father". Her intervention helped secure his release in 1947.<ref>Cohen 2009, p. 213.</ref>

The Freud's new family home was established in [[Hampstead]] at [[Freud Museum|20 Maresfield Gardens]] in September 1938. Freud's architect son, Ernst, designed modifications of the building including the installation of an electric lift. The study and library areas were arranged to create the atmosphere and visual impression of Freud's Vienna consulting rooms.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Welter |first=Volker |title=Ernst L. Freud, Architect |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-85745-233-7 |location=New York |pages=151}}</ref> He continued to see patients there until the terminal stages of his illness. He also worked on his last books, ''[[Moses and Monotheism]]'', published in German in 1938 and in English the following year<ref name="Chaney62">Chaney, Edward (2006). 'Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Religion', ''Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines'', eds. M. Ascari and A. Corrado. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, Chaney 'Freudian Egypt', ''The London Magazine'' (April/May 2006), pp. 62–69, and Chaney, 'Moses and Monotheism, by Sigmund Freud', 'The Canon', ''THE'' (''Times Higher Education''), 3–9 June 2010, No. 1, 950, p. 53.</ref> and the uncompleted ''[[An Outline of Psychoanalysis]]'', which was published posthumously.