Editing Ship (section)

==Types of ships==
{{See also|Lists of ships|List of types of naval vessels|List of boat types}}
[[File:Arklow Valiant (IMO 9772541).jpg|thumb|Various vessel types in the [[Port of Rotterdam]]]]
Because ships are constructed using the principles of naval architecture that require same structural components, their classification is based on their function such as that suggested by Paulet and Presles,<ref>{{cite book |last=Paulet |first=Dominique |author2=Presles, Dominique|title=Architecture navale, connaissance et pratique |year=1999 |publisher=Éditions de la Villette |location=Paris |language=fr|isbn=978-2-903539-46-7}}</ref> which requires modification of the components. The categories accepted in general by naval architects are:<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/naval-architecture|title=Naval architecture|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-09-04|language=en}}</ref>
* [[High-speed craft]] – [[Multihull]]s including [[Wave-piercing hull|wave piercers]], [[small-waterplane-area twin hull]] (SWATH), [[surface effect ship]]s and [[hovercraft]], [[hydrofoil]], [[Ground-effect vehicle|wing in ground effect]] craft (WIG).
* [[Offshore drilling|Off shore oil]] vessels – [[Platform supply vessel]]s, [[Pipe-laying ship|pipe layers]], [[Barracks ship|accommodation]] and [[Crane vessel|crane]] [[barge]]s, non and [[Semi-submersible platform|semi-submersible drilling rig]]s, [[drill ship]]s, [[Oil platform|production platforms]], [[floating production storage and offloading]] units.
* [[Fishing vessel]]s
** Motorised [[fishing trawler]]s, [[fish traps|trap setters]], [[Seine fishing|seiners]], [[Longline fishing|longliners]], [[Trolling (fishing)|trollers]] & [[factory ship]]s.
** Traditional [[Sailboat|sailing]] and [[Watercraft rowing|rowed]] fishing vessels and [[boat]]s used for [[handline fishing]]
* [[Harbour]] work craft
** [[Cable layer]]s
** [[Tugboat]]s, [[dredger]]s, [[salvage vessel]]s, [[Ship's tender|tenders]], [[pilot boat]]s.
** [[Drydock#Floating|Floating dry docks]], [[crane vessel]]s, [[Lighter aboard ship|lighterships]].
* Dry [[cargo ship]]s – [[tramp freighter]]s, [[bulk carrier]]s, [[cargo liner]]s, [[container vessel]]s, [[barge carrier]]s, [[Roll-on/roll-off|Ro-Ro ships]], [[Reefer ship|refrigerated cargo ship]]s, timber carriers, [[livestock carrier]]s & light vehicle carriers.
* Liquid cargo ships – [[Tanker (ship)|tankers]], [[oil tanker]]s, liquefied [[gas carrier]]s, [[LNG carrier]]s, [[Chemical tanker|chemical carriers]].
* [[Passenger vessel|Passenger ship]]s
** [[Ocean liner|Liners]], [[Cruise ship|cruise]] and special trade passenger (STP) ships
** Cross-channel, coastal and harbour [[Ferry|ferries]]
** Luxury and cruising [[yacht]]s and [[superyacht]]s
* [[Sail training]] and [[sailing ship]]s
* [[Galley]]s – [[bireme]]s, [[trireme]]s and [[quinquireme]]s
* [[Recreational boat]]s and craft – rowed, masted and motorised craft
* Special-purpose vessels – [[weather ship|weather]] and [[research vessel]]s, deep sea [[survey vessel]]s, and [[icebreaker]]s.
* [[Submarines]] – watercraft capable of independent operation underwater.
* [[Naval ship]]s
** [[Warships]] – [[aircraft carrier]]s, [[amphibious warfare ship]]s, [[battleship]]s, [[battlecruiser]]s, [[coastal defence ship]]s, [[cruiser]]s, [[destroyer]]s, [[frigate]]s, [[corvette]]s, [[patrol ship]]s, [[minesweeper]]s, etc.
** [[Auxiliary ship]]s – [[ammunition ship]]s, [[replenishment oiler]]s, [[repair ship]]s, [[Combat stores ship|storeships]], [[troopship]]s, etc.
* [[Hospital ship]]s
Some of these are discussed in the following sections.

===Inland vessels===
[[File:Wappen von Köln.JPG|thumb|Passenger ship of [[Köln-Düsseldorfer]] on the river [[Rhine]]]]
[[File:Hurma, Hans ja Voima.JPG|thumb|''Hurma'', ''Hans'' and ''Voima'' at the [[Lake Saimaa]] in the harbour of [[Imatra]], [[Finland]], at a heritage ship meeting in 2009]]
Freshwater shipping may occur on lakes, rivers and canals. Ships designed for those body of waters may be specially adapted to the widths and depths of specific waterways. Examples of freshwater waterways that are navigable in part by large vessels include the [[Danube]], [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]], [[Rhine River|Rhine]], [[Yangtze]] and [[Amazon River|Amazon]] Rivers, and the [[Great Lakes]].

====Great Lakes====
[[Lake freighter]]s, also called lakers, are [[cargo]] vessels that ply the [[Great Lakes]]. The most well-known is {{SS|Edmund Fitzgerald}}, the latest major vessel to be wrecked on the Lakes. These vessels are traditionally called boats, not ships. Visiting ocean-going vessels are called "salties". Because of their additional [[Beam (nautical)|beam]], very large salties are never seen inland of the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]]. Because the smallest of the [[Soo Locks]] is larger than any Seaway lock, salties that can pass through the Seaway may travel anywhere in the Great Lakes. Because of their deeper draft, salties may accept partial loads on the Great Lakes, "topping off" when they have exited the Seaway. Similarly, the largest lakers are confined to the Upper Lakes ([[Lake Superior|Superior]], [[Lake Michigan|Michigan]], [[Lake Huron|Huron]], [[Lake Erie|Erie]]) because they are too large to use the Seaway locks, beginning at the [[Welland Canal]] that bypasses the [[Niagara River]].

Since the [[freshwater]] lakes are less corrosive to ships than the [[Seawater|salt water]] of the oceans, lakers tend to last much longer than ocean freighters. Lakers older than 50&nbsp;years are not unusual, and as of 2005, all were over 20&nbsp;years of age.<ref>Office of Data and Economic Analysis, 2006, p. 2.</ref>

{{SS|St. Marys Challenger}}, built in 1906 as ''William P Snyder'', was the oldest laker still working on the Lakes until its conversion into a barge starting in 2013. Similarly, ''E.M. Ford'', built in 1898 as ''Presque Isle'', was sailing the lakes 98&nbsp;years later in 1996. As of 2007 ''E.M. Ford'' was still afloat as a stationary transfer vessel at a riverside cement silo in [[Saginaw, Michigan]].

=== Merchant ship ===
{{Main|Merchant ship}}

[[File:Container ships President Truman (IMO 8616283) and President Kennedy (IMO 8616295) at San Francisco.jpg|thumb|Two modern [[container ship]]s in [[San Francisco]]]]

[[Merchant ship]]s are ships used for commercial purposes and can be divided into four broad categories: [[fishing vessels]], [[cargo ship]]s, [[passenger ship]]s, and special-purpose ships.<ref>UNCTAD 2007, p.&nbsp;xii uses a similar, but slightly more detailed classification system.</ref> The [[UNCTAD review of maritime transport]] categorizes ships as: oil tankers, bulk (and combination) carriers, general cargo ships, container ships, and "other ships", which includes "[[liquefied petroleum gas]] carriers, [[liquefied natural gas]] carriers, parcel (chemical) tankers, specialized tankers, [[Reefer ship|reefer]]s, offshore supply, tugs, [[dredger]]s, [[Cruise ship|cruise]], [[Ferry|ferries]], other non-cargo". General cargo ships include "multi-purpose and project vessels and roll-on/roll-off cargo".<ref name="UNCTAD" />

Modern commercial vessels are typically powered by a single propeller driven by a [[diesel engine|diesel]] or, less usually, [[gas turbine engine]].,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marineinsight.com/main-engine/different-types-of-marine-propulsion-systems-used-in-the-shipping-world/|website=www.marineinsight.com|access-date=2020-05-14|title=Different Types of Marine Propulsion Systems Used in the Shipping World|date=25 August 2019}}</ref> but until the mid-19th century they were predominantly square sail rigged. The fastest vessels may use [[pump-jet engine]]s.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} Most commercial vessels such as container ships, have full hull-forms (higher [[Block coefficient]]s) to maximize cargo capacity.<ref name="Witherby">{{cite book | title=21st century seamanship | publisher=[[Witherby Publishing Group]] | publication-place=Livingston | date=2015 | isbn=978-1-85609-632-4 | page=38}}</ref> Merchant ships and fishing vessels are usually made of steel, although aluminum can be used on faster craft, and fiberglass or wood on smaller vessels.<ref name="Witherby434">{{cite book | title=21st century seamanship | publisher=[[Witherby Publishing Group]] | publication-place=Livingston | date=2015 | isbn=978-1-85609-632-4 | page=434}}</ref>  Commercial vessels generally have a crew headed by a [[sea captain]], with [[deck officer]]s and [[engine officer]]s on larger vessels. Special-purpose vessels often have specialized crew if necessary, for example scientists aboard [[research vessel]]s.

Fishing boats are generally small, often little more than {{convert|30|m|ft|sp=us}} but up to {{convert|100|m|ft}} for a large tuna or [[whaling ship]]. Aboard a [[fish processing vessel]], the catch can be made ready for market and sold more quickly once the ship makes port. Special purpose vessels have special gear. For example, trawlers have winches and arms, stern-trawlers have a rear ramp, and tuna seiners have skiffs. In 2004, {{convert|85800000|t|LT ST|sigfig=3|lk=on}} of fish were caught in the marine capture fishery.<ref name="fao11">UNFAO, 2007, p. 11.</ref> [[Anchoveta]] represented the largest single catch at {{convert|10700000|t|LT ST|sigfig=3}}.<ref name="fao11" />  That year, the top ten marine capture species also included [[Alaska pollock]], [[Blue whiting]], [[Skipjack tuna]], [[Atlantic herring]], [[Chub mackerel]], [[Anchovy|Japanese anchovy]], [[Trachurus|Chilean jack mackerel]], [[Largehead hairtail]], and [[Yellowfin tuna]].<ref name="fao11" />  Other species including [[salmon]], [[shrimp]], [[lobster]], [[clam]]s, [[squid]] and [[crab]], are also commercially fished. Modern commercial fishermen use many methods. One is fishing by [[Fishing net|nets]], such as [[Seine fishing|purse seine]], beach seine, lift nets, [[gillnet]]s, or entangling nets. Another is [[trawl]]ing, including [[Bottom trawling|bottom trawl]]. [[Fish hook|Hooks]] and lines are used in methods like [[long-line fishing]] and [[hand-line fishing]]. Another method is the use of [[fishing trap]].

Cargo ships transport dry and liquid cargo. Dry cargo can be transported in bulk by [[bulk carrier]]s, packed directly onto a [[general cargo ship]] in break-bulk, packed in [[intermodal container]]s as aboard a [[container ship]], or driven aboard as in [[roll-on roll-off ship]]s. Liquid cargo is generally carried in bulk aboard tankers, such as [[oil tanker]]s which may include both crude and finished products of oil, [[chemical tanker]]s which may also carry vegetable oils other than chemicals and [[gas carrier]]s, although smaller shipments may be carried on container ships in [[tank container]]s.<ref name="Gubbins" />

[[Passenger ship]]s range in size from small river ferries to very large [[cruise ship]]s. This type of vessel includes [[ferry|ferries]], which move passengers and vehicles on short trips; [[ocean liner]]s, which carry passengers from one place to another; and [[cruise ship]]s, which carry passengers on voyages undertaken for pleasure, visiting several places and with leisure activities on board, often returning them to the port of embarkation. [[Riverboat]]s and [[ferry boat|inland ferries]] are specially designed to carry passengers, cargo, or both in the challenging river environment. Rivers present special hazards to vessels. They usually have varying water flows that alternately lead to high speed water flows or protruding rock hazards. Changing siltation patterns may cause the sudden appearance of shoal waters, and often floating or sunken logs and trees (called snags) can endanger the hulls and propulsion of riverboats. Riverboats are generally of shallow draft, being broad of beam and rather square in plan, with a low freeboard and high topsides. Riverboats can survive with this type of configuration as they do not have to withstand the high winds or large waves that are seen on large lakes, seas, or oceans.

[[File:Albatun Dod.jpg|thumb|''Albatun Dos'', a tuna boat at work near [[Victoria, Seychelles]]]]

[[Fishing vessel]]s are a subset of commercial vessels, but generally small in size and often subject to different regulations and classification. They can be categorized by several criteria: architecture, the type of fish they catch, the fishing method used, geographical origin, and technical features such as rigging. As of 2004, the world's fishing fleet consisted of some 4 million vessels.<ref name="fao25">UNFAO, 2007, p. 25.</ref>  Of these, 1.3 million were decked vessels with enclosed areas and the rest were open vessels.<ref name="fao25" />  Most decked vessels were mechanized, but two-thirds of the open vessels were traditional craft propelled by sails and oars.<ref name="fao25" />  More than 60% of all existing large fishing vessels{{efn|UNFAO defines a large fishing vessel as one with [[gross tonnage]] over 100 GT.}} were built in Japan, Peru, the Russian Federation, Spain or the United States of America.<ref>UNFAO, 2007, p. 28.</ref>

===Special purpose vessels===
{{Main|Weather ship}}
[[File:Polarfront.jpg|thumb|The weather ship [[MS Polarfront|MS ''Polarfront'']] at sea.]]
A [[weather ship]] was a ship stationed in the [[ocean]] as a platform for surface and upper air meteorological observations for use in [[marine weather forecasting]]. Surface weather observations were taken hourly, and four radiosonde releases occurred daily.<ref name="cg" />  It was also meant to aid in search and rescue operations and to support transatlantic flights.<ref name="cg" /><ref name="pop" />  Proposed as early as 1927 by the [[aviation]] community,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ICoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA121|page=121|date=August 1927|magazine=Popular Science|publisher=Popular Science Publishing Company, Inc.|volume=111|issue=2|title=The First Plane to Germany|author=George Lee Dowd, Jr.}}</ref> the establishment of weather ships proved to be so useful during [[World War II]] that the [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) established a global network of weather ships in 1948, with 13 to be supplied by the United States.<ref name="pop" /> This number was eventually negotiated down to nine.<ref name="Roll" />

The weather ship crews were normally at sea for three weeks at a time, returning to port for 10-day stretches.<ref name="cg" />  Weather ship observations proved to be helpful in wind and wave studies, as they did not avoid weather systems like other ships tended to for safety reasons.<ref name="Massel" />  They were also helpful in monitoring storms at sea, such as [[tropical cyclone]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/095/mwr-095-03-0121.pdf|title=Some Aspects of the Development of Hurricane Dorothy|author=Carl O. Erickson|pages=121–30|journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]]|date=March 1967|volume=95|issue=3|access-date=2011-01-18|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1967)095<0121:SAOTDO>2.3.CO;2|bibcode=1967MWRv...95..121E|citeseerx=10.1.1.395.1891}}</ref>  The removal of a weather ship became a negative factor in forecasts leading up to the [[Great Storm of 1987]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCLWnFozM6EC&pg=PA25|title=Romeo Would Have Spied the Storm|magazine=New Scientist|date=1987-10-22|page=22|volume=116|issue=1583|publisher=IPC Magazines}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>  Beginning in the 1970s, their role became largely superseded by [[weather buoy]]s due to the ships' significant cost.<ref name="NRC" />  The agreement of the use of weather ships by the international community ended in 1990. The last weather ship was ''[[Polarfront]]'', known as weather station M ("Mike"), which was put out of operation on 1 January 2010. Weather observations from ships continue from a fleet of [[Voluntary observing ship program|voluntary merchant vessels]] in routine commercial operation.

===Naval vessels===
[[File:USS Harry S. Truman alongside USNS John Lenthall.jpg|thumb|American [[aircraft carrier]] {{USS|Harry S. Truman}} and a [[replenishment ship]]]]
[[Naval ship]]s are diverse in [[List of types of naval vessels|types of vessel]]. They include: [[List of naval ship classes in service|surface warships]], [[List of submarine classes in service|submarines]], and [[auxiliary ship]]s.

Modern warships are generally divided into seven main categories: [[aircraft carrier]]s, [[cruiser]]s, [[destroyer]]s, [[frigate]]s, [[corvette]]s, [[submarine]]s and [[amphibious warfare ship]]s. The distinctions among cruisers, destroyers, frigates, and corvettes are not codified; the same vessel may be described differently in different navies. [[Battleship]]s were used during the [[Second World War]] and occasionally since then (the last battleships were removed from the [[U.S. Naval Vessel Register]] in March 2006), but were made obsolete by the use of [[carrier-borne aircraft]] and [[guided missile]]s.<ref>With the addition of corvettes, this is the categorization used at {{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/our_ships.asp |title=U.S. Navy Ships |access-date=2008-04-20 |author=United States Navy |author-link=United States Navy |publisher=United States Navy |archive-date=2008-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410002444/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/our_ships.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Most military submarines are either [[attack submarine]]s or [[ballistic missile submarine]]s. Until the end of [[World War II]] the primary role of the diesel/electric submarine was anti-ship warfare, inserting and removing covert agents and military forces, and intelligence-gathering. With the development of the [[homing torpedo]], better [[sonar]] systems, and [[Nuclear navy|nuclear propulsion]], submarines also became able to effectively hunt each other. The development of [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile|submarine-launched nuclear]] and [[cruise missiles]] gave submarines a substantial and long-ranged ability to attack both land and sea targets with a variety of weapons ranging from [[cluster munition]]s to [[nuclear weapon]]s.

Most [[Navy|navies]] also include many types of support and auxiliary vessel, such as [[minesweeper (ship)|minesweepers]], [[patrol boat]]s, [[OPV (naval)|offshore patrol vessels]], [[replenishment ship]]s, and [[hospital ship]]s which are designated [[healthcare|medical treatment]] facilities.<ref>[http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=hospital%20ship Hospital Ship]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} (definition via [[WordNet]], [[Princeton University]])</ref>

Fast combat vessels such as cruisers and destroyers usually have fine hulls to maximize speed and maneuverability.<ref>Cutler, 1999, p. 224.</ref>  They also usually have advanced [[marine electronics]] and communication systems, as well as weapons.