Editing Shame (section)

== Shame and mental illness ==

=== Narcissism ===
It has been suggested that [[narcissism]] in adults is related to defenses against shame<ref name=shame1>{{Cite book|editor= Donald L. Nathanson
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyyoS851HYcC&q=%2522Shame%2C%2520the%2520veiled%2520companion%2520of%2520narcissism%2522&pg=PA64
| chapter= 2. Shame, the Veiled Companion of Narcissism
|title=The Many Faces of Shame|date=1987
| first = Léon | last = Wurmser
|publisher=Guilford
| pages = 64–92 | place = New York
|isbn=978-0-89862-705-3|language=en}}</ref> and that [[narcissistic personality disorder]] is connected to shame as well.<ref name=shame2>Gabbard GO, Two subtypes of narcissistic personality disorder. Bull Menninger Clin 1989; 53:527–532.</ref><ref>Young, Klosko, Weishaar: ''Schema Therapy – A Practitioner's Guide'', 2003, p. 375. {{ISBN|978-1-57230-838-1}}</ref> According to psychiatrist [[Glen Gabbard]], [[Narcissistic personality disorder|NPD]] can be broken down into two subtypes, a [[grandiose]], arrogant, thick-skinned "oblivious" subtype and an easily hurt, oversensitive, ashamed "[[hypervigilance|hypervigilant]]" subtype. The oblivious subtype presents for [[Narcissistic supply|admiration]], envy, and appreciation a grandiose self that is the antithesis of a weak internalized self which hides in shame, while the [[hypervigilant]] subtype neutralizes devaluation by seeing others as unjust abusers.<ref name=shame2 />

=== Depression ===
In a meta-analytic review performed in 2011, it was found that there were stronger associations with shame and depression than with guilt and depression.<ref name=":5" /> External shame, or a negative view of the self, seen through other people, had larger effect sizes correlated with depression than did internal shame.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Sangmoon |last2=Thibodeau |first2=Ryan |last3=Jorgensen |first3=Randall S. |year=2011 |title=Shame, guilt, and depressive symptoms: A meta-analytic review. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0021466 |journal=Psychological Bulletin |language=en |volume=137 |issue=1 |pages=68–96 |doi=10.1037/a0021466 |pmid=21219057 |s2cid=6285199 |issn=1939-1455}}</ref>