Editing Serbs (section)

==Language==
{{Main article|Serbian language}}
Serbs speak [[Serbian language|Serbian]], a member of the [[Slavic languages|South Slavic]] group of languages, specifically the Southwestern group. Standard Serbian is a standardized [[Variety (linguistics)#Standard varieties|variety]] of [[Serbo-Croatian]], and therefore [[mutually intelligible]] with Standard [[Croatian language|Croatian]], Standard [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]], and Standard [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] (see [[Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian]]), which are all based on the [[Shtokavian dialect]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Benjamin W. Fortson, IV|title=Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSxHgej4tKMC&pg=PA431|date=7 September 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-5968-8|page=431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102074805/https://books.google.com/books?id=bSxHgej4tKMC&pg=PA431|archive-date=2 January 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Vuk Karadzic Kriehuber cropped.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Vuk Karadžić]], reformer of modern Serbian, which is the only European language whose speakers are fully [[Digraphia|digraphic]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/de-gruyter/digraphia-in-the-territories-of-the-croats-and-serbs-9biWZDK0Vs/1|title=Digraphia in the territories of the Croats and Serbs|first=Thomas F.|last=Magner|date=10 January 2001|journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language|issue=150|access-date=27 April 2018|doi=10.1515/ijsl.2001.028|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011114443/https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/de-gruyter/digraphia-in-the-territories-of-the-croats-and-serbs-9biWZDK0Vs/1|archive-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> using both [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] and [[Gaj's Latin alphabet|Latin]] alphabets.]] 
Serbian is an official language in Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina and is a recognized minority language in Montenegro (although spoken by a plurality of population), Croatia, North Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia. Older forms of literary Serbian are [[Church Slavonic]] of the Serbian recension, which is still used for ecclesiastical purposes, and [[Slavonic-Serbian]]—a mixture of Serbian, [[Church Slavonic]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] used from the mid-18th century to the first decades of the 19th century.

Serbian has active [[digraphia]], using both [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] and [[Gaj's Latin alphabet|Latin]] alphabets.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Dejan Ivković| year=2013| title=Pragmatics meets ideology: Digraphia and non-standard orthographic practices in Serbian online news forums| journal=Journal of Language and Politics| publisher=[[John Benjamins Publishing Company]]| volume=12| issue=3| doi=10.1075/jlp.12.3.02ivk}}</ref> [[Serbian Cyrillic]] was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist [[Vuk Karadžić]], who created the alphabet on phonemic principles.<ref>{{cite book| author=Mojca Ramšak| editor=Donald Haase| year=2008| chapter=Karadžić, Vuk Stefanović (1787–1864)| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sj5cJz0_OsC| title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales: G-P| location=Westport, Connecticut| publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]| isbn=978-0-313-33443-6| page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-sj5cJz0_OsC&pg=PA531 531]| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203063228/https://books.google.com/books?id=-sj5cJz0_OsC| archive-date=3 February 2017| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Serbian Latin was created by [[Ljudevit Gaj]] and published in 1830. His alphabet mapped completely on Serbian Cyrillic which had been standardized by [[Vuk Karadžić]] a few years before.<ref name="ComrieCorbett2003">{{cite book|last1=Comrie|first1=Bernard|author-link1=Bernard Comrie|last2=Corbett|first2=Greville G.|title=The Slavonic Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRF9Yiso1OIC&pg=PA45|access-date=23 December 2013|date=1 September 2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-21320-9|page=45|quote=... following Vuk's reform of Cyrillic (see above) in the early nineteenth century, Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s performed the same operation on Latinica,...|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927202250/https://books.google.com/books?id=uRF9Yiso1OIC&pg=PA45|url-status=live}}</ref>

Loanwords in the Serbian language besides common internationalisms are mostly from [[Greek language|Greek]],<ref>Јасна Влајић-Поповић, [http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-185X/2009/0350-185X0965375V.pdf „Грецизми у српском језику: осврт на досадашња и поглед на будућа истраживања“] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311154305/http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-185X/2009/0350-185X0965375V.pdf |date=11 March 2020 }}, ''Јужнословенски филолог'', књ. 65 (2009), Београд, стр. 375–403</ref> German<ref name="Вујаклија">Лексикон страних речи и израза / Милан Вујаклија, Просвета, Београд (1954) {{in lang|sr}}</ref> and Italian,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.maticacrnogorska.me/files/54/11%20dejan%20j.%20ivovic.pdf | title=ITALIJANIZMI U GOVORNOM JEZIKU | year=2013 | access-date=23 July 2019 | author=Dejan J. Ivović | archive-date=24 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024000139/http://maticacrnogorska.me/files/54/11%20dejan%20j.%20ivovic.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> while words of [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] origin are present mostly in the north.

The [[Ottoman conquest of Serbia|Ottoman conquest]] began a linguistical contact between Ottoman Turkish and South Slavic; Ottoman Turkish influence grew stronger after the 15th century.{{sfn|Nomachi|2015|p=48}} Besides Turkish loanwords, also many Arabic (such as ''alat'', "tool", ''sat'', "hour, clock") and Persian (''čarape'', "socks", ''šećer'', "sugar") words entered via Turkish, called "Orientalisms" (''orijentalizmi'').{{sfn|Nomachi|2015|p=48}} Also, many Greek words entered via Turkish.{{sfn|Nomachi|2015|p=48}} Words for hitherto unknown sciences, businesses, industries, technologies and professions were brought by the Ottoman Empire.{{sfn|Nomachi|2015|p=48}} Christian villagers brought urban vocabulary from their travels to Islamic culture cities.{{sfn|Nomachi|2015|pp=48–49}} Many Turkish loanwords are no longer considered loanwords.{{sfn|Nomachi|2015|p=49}}

There is considerable usage of French words as well, especially in military related terms.<ref name="Вујаклија"/> One Serbian word that is used in many of the world's languages is "[[vampire]]" (''vampir'').<ref name=Grimm>{{cite web|url=http://germazope.uni-trier.de/Projects/WBB/woerterbuecher/dwb/wbgui?lemid=GV00025|title=Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm. 16 Bde. (in 32 Teilbänden). Leipzig: S. Hirzel 1854–1960|access-date=13 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215950/http://germazope.uni-trier.de/Projects/WBB/woerterbuecher/dwb/wbgui?lemid=GV00025|archive-date=26 September 2007|language=de}}</ref><ref name=MW>{{cite web|title=Vampire|publisher=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|url=http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/vampire|access-date=13 June 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614081137/http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/vampire|archive-date=14 June 2006}}</ref><ref name=Tresor>{{cite web|url=http://stella.atilf.fr/Dendien/scripts/tlfiv5/affart.exe?44;s=2356384875;?b=0;|title=Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé|access-date=13 June 2006|language=fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114722/http://stella.atilf.fr/Dendien/scripts/tlfiv5/affart.exe?44%3Bs=2356384875%3B%3Fb%3D0%3B|archive-date=30 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="Dauzat 1938">{{cite book|last=Dauzat|first=Albert|title=Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française|year=1938|publisher=Librairie Larousse|location=Paris|oclc=904687|language=fr}}</ref>