Editing Septuagint (section)

== Textual history ==

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+ Books
! Greek name<ref name=Jobes2001 /><ref name=McLay />{{Efn|The canon of the original Old Greek LXX is disputed. This table reflects the canon of the Old Testament as used currently in Eastern Orthodoxy.|name=disputed|group=}}
! Transliteration
! English name
|-
!colspan=3|Law
|-
|{{lang|grc|Γένεσις}}||Genesis||Genesis
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἔξοδος}}||Exodos||Exodus
|-
|{{lang|grc|Λευϊτικόν}}||Leuitikon||Leviticus
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἀριθμοί}}||Arithmoi||Numbers
|-
|{{lang|grc|Δευτερονόμιον}}||Deuteronomion||Deuteronomy
|-
!colspan=3|History
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἰησοῦς}}||Iēsous||Joshua
|-
|{{lang|grc|Κριταί}}||Kritai||Judges
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ῥούθ}}||Routh||Ruth
|-
|{{lang|grc|Βασιλειῶν Αʹ{{efn|{{lang|grc|Βασιλειῶν}} (Basileiōn) is the genitive plural of {{lang|grc|Βασιλεία}} (Basileia).}}}}||1 Basileiōn||Kings I (I Samuel)
|-
|{{lang|grc|Βασιλειῶν Βʹ}}||2 Basileiōn||Kings II (II Samuel)
|-
|{{lang|grc|Βασιλειῶν Γʹ}}||3 Basileiōn||Kings III (I Kings)
|-
|{{lang|grc|Βασιλειῶν Δʹ}}||4 Basileiōn||Kings IV (II Kings)
|-
|{{lang|grc|Παραλειπομένων Αʹ}}||1 Paraleipomenōn{{efn|That is, ''Of things set aside'' from {{lang|grc|Ἔσδρας Αʹ}}.}}||Chronicles I
|-
|{{lang|grc|Παραλειπομένων Βʹ}}||2 Paraleipomenōn||Chronicles II
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἔσδρας Αʹ}}||[[1 Esdras]]||1 Esdras
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἔσδρας Βʹ}}||2 Esdras||Ezra-Nehemiah
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἐσθήρ}}||Esthēr||Esther{{efn|Includes additions.|name=|group=}}
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἰουδίθ}}||Ioudith||Judith
|-
|{{lang|grc|Τωβίτ}}{{efn|also called Τωβείτ or Τωβίθ in some sources.}}||Tōbit{{efn|or Tōbeit or Tōbith}}||Tobit
|-
|{{lang|grc|Μακκαβαίων Αʹ}}||[[1 Maccabees|1 Makkabaiōn]]||Maccabees I
|-
|{{lang|grc|Μακκαβαίων Βʹ}}||[[2 Maccabees|2 Makkabaiōn]]||Maccabees II
|-
|{{lang|grc|Μακκαβαίων Γʹ}}||[[3 Maccabees|3 Makkabaiōn]]||Maccabees III
|-
!colspan=3|Wisdom
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ψαλμοί}}||Psalmoi||Psalms
|-
||{{lang|grc|Ψαλμός ΡΝΑʹ}}||Psalmos 151||[[Psalm 151]]
|-
|{{lang|grc|Προσευχὴ Μανασσῆ}}||Proseuchē Manassē||[[Prayer of Manasseh]]
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ὠδαί}}||Odai||[[Book of Odes (Bible)|Odes]]
|-
|{{lang|grc|Παροιμίαι}}||Paroimiai||Proverbs
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἐκκλησιαστής}}||Ekklēsiastēs||[[Ecclesiastes]]
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἆσμα Ἀσμάτων}}||[[Song of Songs|Asma Asmatōn]]||Song of Songs or Song of Solomon or Canticle of Canticles
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἰώβ}}||Iōb||[[Book of Job|Job]]
|-
|{{lang|grc|Σοφία Σαλομῶντος}}||Sophia Salomōntos||Wisdom or Wisdom of Solomon
|-
|{{lang|grc|Σοφία Ἰησοῦ Σειράχ}}||[[Book of Sirach|Sophia Iēsou Seirach]]||Sirach or Ecclesiasticus or Wisdom of Sirach
|-
!colspan=3|Prophets
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ὡσηέ Αʹ}}||I. Hōsēe||Hosea
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἀμώς Βʹ}}||II. Āmōs||Amos
|-
|{{lang|grc|Μιχαίας Γʹ}}||III. Michaias||Micah
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἰωήλ Δʹ}}||IV. Iōēl||Joel
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ὀβδιού Εʹ}}{{efn|Obdiou is genitive from "The vision ''of'' Obdias", which opens the book.}}||V. Obdiou||Obadiah
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἰωνᾶς Ϛ'}}||VI. Iōnas||Jonah
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ναούμ Ζʹ}}||VII. Naoum||Nahum
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἀμβακούμ Ηʹ}}||VIII. Ambakoum||Habakkuk
|-
|{{lang|grc|Σοφονίας Θʹ}}||IX. Sophonias||Zephaniah
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἀγγαῖος Ιʹ}}||X. Angaios||Haggai
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ζαχαρίας ΙΑʹ}}||XI. Zacharias||Zachariah
|-
|{{lang|grc|Μαλαχίας ΙΒʹ}}||XII. Malachias||Malachi
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἠσαΐας}}||Ēsaias||Isaiah
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἱερεμίας}}||Hieremias||Jeremiah
|-
|{{lang|grc|Βαρούχ}}||Barouch||Baruch
|-
|{{lang|grc|Θρῆνοι}}||Thrēnoi||Lamentations
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἐπιστολὴ Ἰερεμίου}}||[[Letter of Jeremiah|Epistolē Ieremiou]]||Letter of Jeremiah
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἰεζεκιήλ}}||Iezekiēl||Ezekiel
|-
|{{lang|grc|Δανιήλ}}||Daniēl||Daniel{{Efn|Includes additions.|name=|group=}}
|-
!colspan=3|Appendix
|-
|{{lang|grc|Μακκαβαίων Δ'}}||[[4 Maccabees|4 Makkabaiōn]]||Maccabees IV{{efn|Originally placed after 3 Maccabees and before Psalms, but placed in the appendix of some Eastern Orthodox Bibles if it is included.|name=|group=}}
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ψαλμοὶ Σαλομῶντος}}||[[Psalms of Solomon|Psalmoi Salomōntos]]||Psalms of Solomon{{efn|Originally placed in an appendix after the Old and New Testaments in the Table of Contents of the Codex Alexandrinus, but not included in any modern canon due to its text being lost until the 17th century.|name=|group=}}
|}

=== Textual analysis ===
[[File:Texts of the OT.svg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=Diagram of relationships between manuscripts|The inter-relationship between significant ancient Old Testament manuscripts (some identified by their ''[[Scribal abbreviation|siglum]]''). LXX denotes the original Septuagint.]]
{{Further|Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible}}
Modern scholarship holds that the Septuagint was written from the 3rd through the 1st centuries BC, but nearly all attempts at dating specific books (except for the Pentateuch, early- to mid-3rd century&nbsp;BC) are tentative.<ref name=Dines2004 /> Later Jewish revisions and [[recension]]s of the Greek against the Hebrew are well-attested. The best-known are [[Aquila of Sinope|Aquila]] (128&nbsp;AD), [[Symmachus the Ebionite|Symmachus]], and Theodotion. These three, to varying degrees, are more-literal renderings of their contemporary Hebrew scriptures compared to the Old Greek (the original Septuagint). Modern scholars consider one (or more) of the three to be new Greek versions of the Hebrew Bible.

Although much of [[Origen]]'s ''[[Hexapla]]'' (a six-version critical edition of the Hebrew Bible) is lost, several compilations of fragments are available. Origen kept a column for the Old Greek (the Septuagint), which included readings from all the Greek versions in a [[critical apparatus]] with diacritical marks indicating to which version each line (Gr. στίχος) belonged. Perhaps the ''Hexapla'' was never copied in its entirety, but Origen's combined text was copied frequently (eventually without the editing marks) and the older uncombined text of the Septuagint was neglected. The combined text was the first major Christian recension of the Septuagint, often called the ''Hexaplar recension''. Two other major recensions were identified in the century following Origen by [[Jerome]], who attributed these to [[Lucian of Antioch|Lucian]] (the Lucianic, or Antiochene, recension) and [[Hesychius of Alexandria|Hesychius]] (the Hesychian, or Alexandrian, recension).<ref name=Dines2004 />

==== Manuscripts ====
{{Main|Septuagint manuscripts}}
The oldest manuscripts of the Septuagint include 2nd-century BC fragments of Leviticus and Deuteronomy (Rahlfs nos. 801, 819, and 957) and 1st-century BC fragments of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, and the [[Twelve Minor Prophets]] ([[Alfred Rahlfs]] nos. 802, 803, 805, 848, 942, and 943). Relatively-complete manuscripts of the Septuagint postdate the Hexaplar recension, and include the 4th-century AD [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|Codex Vaticanus]] and the 5th-century [[Codex Alexandrinus]]. These are the oldest-surviving nearly-complete manuscripts of the Old Testament in any language; the oldest extant complete Hebrew texts date to about 600 years later, from the first half of the 10th century.<ref name=Würthwein1995 /> The 4th-century [[Codex Sinaiticus]] also partially survives, with many Old Testament texts.<ref name=Würthwein1995 />{{rp|73}}{{rp|198}} The Jewish (and, later, Christian) revisions and recensions are largely responsible for the divergence of the codices.<ref name=Dines2004 /> The [[Codex Marchalianus]] is another notable manuscript.

==== Differences from the Vulgate and the Masoretic Text ====
The text of the Septuagint is generally close to that of the Masoretes and Vulgate. Genesis 4:1–6<ref>{{bibleverse|Genesis|4:1–6|KJV}}</ref> is identical in the Septuagint, Vulgate and the Masoretic Text, and Genesis 4:8<ref>{{bibleverse|Genesis|4:8|KJV}}</ref> to the end of the chapter is the same. There is only one noticeable difference in that chapter, at 4:7:{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

{|cellspacing="5" cellpadding="10"
|-style="text-align:center;"
|'''Genesis 4:7, LXX and English Translation ([[New English Translation of the Septuagint|NETS]])'''||'''Genesis 4:7, Masoretic and English Translation from MT ([[Judaica Press]])'''||'''Genesis 4:7, Latin Vulgate and English Translation (Douay-Rheims)'''
|-
|οὐκ ἐὰν ὀρθῶς προσενέγκῃς, ὀρθῶς δὲ μὴ διέλῃς, ἥμαρτες; ἡσύχασον· πρὸς σὲ ἡ ἀποστροφὴ αὐτοῦ, καὶ σὺ ἄρξεις αὐτοῦ.<br /><br />Have you not sinned if you have brought it righteously, but not righteously divided it? Be calm, to you shall be his submission, and you shall rule over him.||{{Script/Hebrew|הֲלוֹא אִם תֵּיטִיב שְׂאֵת וְאִם לֹא תֵיטִיב לַפֶּתַח חַטָּאת רֹבֵץ וְאֵלֶיךָ תְּשׁוּקָתוֹ וְאַתָּה תִּמְשָׁל בּוֹ:}}<br /><br />Is it not so that if you improve, it will be forgiven you? If you do not improve, however, at the entrance, sin is lying, and to you is its longing, but you can rule over it.||{{lang|la|nonne si bene egeris, recipies : sin autem male, statim in foribus peccatum aderit? sed sub te erit appetitus ejus, et tu dominaberis illius.}}<br /><br />If thou do well, shalt thou not receive? but if ill, shall not sin forthwith be present at the door? but the lust thereof shall be under thee, and thou shalt have dominion over it.
|}

The differences between the Septuagint and the MT fall into four categories:<ref name="Jinbachian">See Jinbachian, ''Some Semantically Significant Differences Between the Masoretic Text and the Septuagint'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20040514084024/http://210.107.99.8/appendage/labhwp/Jinbachian.doc].</ref>
# ''Different Hebrew sources for the MT and the Septuagint''. Evidence of this can be found throughout the Old Testament. A subtle example may be found in Isaiah 36:11;<ref>{{bibleverse|Isaiah|36:11|KJV}}</ref> the meaning remains the same, but the choice of words evidences a different text. The MT reads ''"...al tedaber yehudit be-'ozne ha`am al ha-homa"'' [speak not the Judean language in the ears of (or—which can be heard by) the people on the wall]. The same verse in the Septuagint reads, according to the translation of Brenton: "and speak not to us in the Jewish tongue: and wherefore speakest thou in the ears of the men on the wall." The MT reads "people" where the Septuagint reads "men". This difference is very minor and does not affect the meaning of the verse.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} Scholars had used discrepancies such as this to claim that the Septuagint was a poor translation of the Hebrew original. This verse is found in Qumran (1QIsa''a''), however, where the Hebrew word ''"haanashim"'' (the men) is found in place of ''"haam"'' (the people). This discovery, and others like it, showed that even seemingly-minor differences of translation could be the result of variant Hebrew source texts.
# ''Differences in interpretation'' stemming from the same Hebrew text. An example is Genesis 4:7,<ref>{{bibleverse|Genesis|4:7|KJV}}</ref> shown above.
# ''Differences as a result of idiomatic translation issues'': A Hebrew idiom may not be easily translated into Greek, and some difference is imparted. In Psalm 47:10,<ref>{{bibleverse|Psalm|47:10|KJV}}</ref> the MT reads: "The shields of the earth belong to God"; the Septuagint reads, "To God are the mighty ones of the earth."
# ''Transmission changes in Hebrew or Greek'': Revision or recension changes and copying errors

==== Dead Sea Scrolls ====
The Biblical manuscripts found in [[Qumran]], commonly known as the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] (DSS), have prompted comparisons of the texts associated with the Hebrew Bible (including the Septuagint).<ref name=BAS>{{cite web |url=http://www.bib-arch.org/e-features/searching-for-better-text.asp |title=Searching for the Better Text – Biblical Archaeology Society |publisher=Bib-arch.org |access-date=13 August 2012 |archive-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314095848/http://www.bib-arch.org/e-features/searching-for-better-text.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Emanuel Tov]], editor of the translated scrolls,<ref name=Elderen>[http://sbl-site.org/Article.aspx?ArticleID=356 Edwin Yamauchi, '''"Bastiaan Van Elderen, 1924– 2004"''', SBL Forum] Accessed 26 March 2011.</ref> identifies five broad variants of DSS texts:<ref name=Tov2001>Tov, E. 2001. Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (2nd ed.) Assen/Maastricht: Van Gocum; Philadelphia: Fortress Press.</ref><ref name=Flint2002>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/978-9004493339/B9789004493339_s022.xml?language=en |last=Flint |first=Peter W. |year=2002 |chapter=The Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls |title=The Stellenbosch AIBI-6 Conference. Proceedings of the Association Internationale Bible et Informatique "From Alpha to Byte" |publisher=Brill |editor-last=Cook |isbn=978-9004493339}}</ref>
# Proto-Masoretic: A stable text and numerous, distinct agreements with the Masoretic Text. About 60 per cent of the Biblical scrolls (including 1QIsa-b) are in this category.
# Pre-Septuagint: Manuscripts which have distinctive affinities with the Greek Bible. About five per cent of the Biblical scrolls, they include 4QDeut-q, 4QSam-a, 4QJer-b, and 4QJer-d. In addition to these manuscripts, several others share similarities with the Septuagint but do not fall into this category.
# The Qumran "Living Bible": Manuscripts which, according to Tov, were copied in accordance with the "Qumran practice": distinctive, long [[orthography]] and [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], frequent errors and corrections, and a free approach to the text. They make up about 20 per cent of the Biblical corpus, including the [[Isaiah Scroll]] (1QIsa-a).
# Pre-Samaritan: DSS manuscripts which reflect the textual form of the Samaritan Pentateuch, although the Samaritan Bible is later and contains information not found in these earlier scrolls, (such as God's holy mountain at Shechem, rather than Jerusalem). These manuscripts, characterized by orthographic corrections and harmonizations with parallel texts elsewhere in the Pentateuch, are about five per cent of the Biblical scrolls and include 4QpaleoExod-m.
# Non-aligned: No consistent alignment with any of the other four text types. About 10 per cent of the Biblical scrolls, they include 4QDeut-b, 4QDeut-c, 4QDeut-h, 4QIsa-c, and 4QDan-a.<ref name=Tov2001 /><ref name=Shiffman>Laurence Shiffman, ''Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls'', p. 172</ref>{{efn|These percentages are disputed. Other scholars credit the Proto-Masoretic texts with 40 per cent, and posit larger contributions from Qumran-style and non-aligned texts. ''The Canon Debate'', McDonald and Sanders editors (2002), chapter 6: "Questions of Canon through the Dead Sea Scrolls" by James C. VanderKam, p. 94, citing private communication with [[Emanuel Tov]] on biblical manuscripts: Qumran scribe type c. 25 per cent, proto-Masoretic Text c. 40 per cent, pre-Samaritan texts c.5 per cent, texts close to the Hebrew model for the Septuagint c. 5 per cent and nonaligned c. 25 per cent.}}

The textual sources present a variety of readings; Bastiaan Van Elderen compares three variations of Deuteronomy 32:43, the [[Song of Moses]]:<ref name=Elderen />{{Failed verification|date=April 2019}}

{|cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
|-style="text-align:center;"
|'''Deuteronomy 32.43, Masoretic'''||'''Deuteronomy 32.43, Qumran'''||'''Deuteronomy 32.43, Septuagint'''
|-
|
:<span style="color:#f00;">''' '''</span>
:<span style="color:#f00;">'''.'''</span>
:<span style="color:#f00;">'''.'''</span>
:<span style="color:#f00;">'''1 Shout for joy, O nations, with his people'''</span>
:<span style="color:#fff;">'''-------'''</span>
:<span style="color:#0a0;">'''2 For he will avenge the blood of his servants'''</span>
:<span style="color:#039;">'''3 And will render vengeance to his adversaries'''</span>
:<span style="color:#fff;">'''-------'''</span>
:<span style="color:#f60;">'''4 And will purge his land, his people.'''</span>
||
:<span style="color:#f00;">'''1 Shout for joy, O heavens, with him'''</span>
:<span style="color:#603;">'''2 And worship him, all you divine ones'''</span>
:<span style="color:#fff;">'''-------'''</span>
:<span style="color:#fff;">'''-------'''</span>
:<span style="color:#0a0;">'''3 For he will avenge the blood of his sons'''</span>
:<span style="color:#039;">'''4 And he will render vengeance to his adversaries'''</span>
:<span style="color:#f0f;">'''5 And he will recompense the ones hating him'''</span>
:<span style="color:#f60;">'''6 And he purges the land of his people.'''</span>
||
:<span style="color:#f00;">'''1 Shout for joy, O heavens, with him'''</span>
:<span style="color:#603;">'''2 And let all the sons of God worship him'''</span>
:<span style="color:#f00;">'''3 Shout for joy, O nations, with his people'''</span>
:<span style="color:#666;">'''4 And let all the angels of God be strong in him'''</span>
:<span style="color:#0a0;">'''5 Because he avenges the blood of his sons'''</span>
:<span style="color:#039;">'''6 And he will avenge and recompense justice to his enemies'''</span>
:<span style="color:#f0f;">'''7 And he will recompense the ones hating'''</span>
:<span style="color:#f60;">'''8 And the Lord will cleanse the land of his people.'''</span>
|}

=== Print editions ===
The text of all print editions is derived from the recensions of Origen, Lucian, or Hesychius:
* The ''[[editio princeps]]'' is the [[Complutensian Polyglot Bible]]. Based on now-lost manuscripts, it is one of the received texts used for the KJV (similar to ''[[Textus Receptus]]'') and seems to convey quite early readings.<ref name=Ziegler>Joseph Ziegler, "Der griechische Dodekepropheton-Text der Complutenser Polyglotte", ''Biblica'' 25:297–310, cited in Würthwein1995.</ref>
* The {{Interlanguage link|Walton Polyglot|lt=Brian Walton Polyglot|it|Bibbia Poliglotta di Walton|WD=}} by [[Brian Walton (bishop)|Brian Walton]] is one of the few versions that includes a Septuagint not based on the Egyptian Alexandria-type text (such as Vaticanus, Alexandrinus and Sinaiticus), but follows the majority which agree (like the Complutensian Polyglot).
* The [[Aldine Bible|Aldine edition]] (begun by [[Aldus Manutius]]) was published in Venice in 1518. The editor says that he collated ancient, unspecified manuscripts, and it has been reprinted several times.
* The [[Roman Septuagint|Roman or Sixtine Septuagint]],<ref name=Zannetti1587>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMBIAAAAcAAJ |title=He palaia diatheke etc. Vetus testamentum juxta septuaginta ex auctoritate Sixti V. ed |year=1587 |publisher=Franciscus Zannetti |language=el}}</ref> which uses ''[[Codex Vaticanus]]'' as the base text and later manuscripts for the [[Lacuna (manuscripts)|lacunae]] in the [[Uncial script|uncial manuscript]]. It was published in 1587 under the direction of [[Antonio Carafa (cardinal)|Antonio Carafa]], with the help of Roman scholars [[Gugliemo Sirleto]], [[Antonio Agelli]] and [[Petrus Morinus]] and by the authority of Sixtus V, to assist revisers preparing the Latin Vulgate edition ordered by the Council of Trent. It is the ''[[textus receptus]]'' of the Greek Old Testament and has been published in a number of editions, such as: those of [[Robert Holmes (priest)|Robert Holmes]] and [[James Parsons (clergyman)|James Parsons]] (Oxford, 1798–1827), the seven editions of [[Constantin von Tischendorf]] which appeared at Leipzig between 1850 and 1887 (the last two published after the death of the author and revised by Nestle), and the four editions of [[Henry Barclay Swete]] (Cambridge, 1887–95, 1901, 1909). A detailed description of this edition has been made by H. B. Swete in ''An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek'' (1900), pp.&nbsp;174–182.
* Grabe's edition was published in Oxford from 1707 to 1720 and reproduced, imperfectly, the [[Codex Alexandrinus]] of London. For partial editions, see [[Fulcran Vigouroux]], ''Dictionnaire de la Bible'', 1643 and later.
* [[Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint]]. [[Alfred Rahlfs]], a Septuagint researcher at the [[University of Göttingen]], began a manual edition of the Septuagint in 1917 or 1918. The completed ''Septuaginta'', published in 1935, relies mainly on the ''Vaticanus'', ''[[Sinaiticus]]'' and ''[[Alexandrinus]]'' and presents a critical framework with variants from these and several other sources.<ref name=Rahlfs1935>Rahlfs, A. (ed.). (1935/1979). ''Septuaginta.'' Stuttgart: [[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]].</ref>
* The [[Göttingen Septuagint]] ''(Septuaginta: Vetus Testamentum Graecum)'', a critical version in multiple volumes published from 1931 to the present, is not yet complete; the largest missing parts are the historical books (Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Chronicles), Proverbs and Song of Songs, as well as a new edition of Psalms. Its two critical apparatuses present variant readings in the Old Greek text and variants of the other Greek recensions (i.e., the Hexapla, Theodotion, Symmachus, Aquilla, Lucian).<ref name=IOSCSeditions>{{cite web |url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/ioscs/editions.html |title=Critical Editions of Septuagint/Old Greek Texts |website=IOSCS |publisher=U Penn}}</ref>
* In 2006, a [[Revision of Alfred Rahlfs' Septuaginta|revision of Alfred Rahlfs' ''Septuaginta'']] was published by the [[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft|German Bible Society]]. This revised edition includes over a thousand changes.<ref name=scholarly>{{cite web |url=http://www.scholarly-bibles.com/products/Original-Texts/Old-Testament/Greek/Septuaginta.html |title=Septuaginta |website=Scholarly Bibles |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412170412/http://www.scholarly-bibles.com/products/Original-Texts/Old-Testament/Greek/Septuaginta.html |archive-date=12 April 2010}}</ref> The text of this revised edition contains changes in the diacritics, and only two wording changes: in Isaiah 5:17 and 53:2, Is 5:17 ''ἀπειλημμένων'' became ''ἀπηλειμμένων'', and Is 53:2 ''ἀνηγγείλαμεν'' became by conjecture ''ἀνέτειλε μένà''.<ref name=Bady>{{Cite web |url=https://biblindex.hypotheses.org/557 |title=Rahlfs ou Göttingen : quelle édition choisir pour Biblindex ? |last=Bady |first=Guillaume |website=Biblindex |date=30 May 2011 |language=fr-FR |access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref>
* The ''[[Apostolic Bible Polyglot]]'' contains a Septuagint text derived primarily from the agreement of any two of the [[Complutensian Polyglot]], the [[Sixtine Septuagint|Sixtine]], and the [[Aldine Bible|Aldine]] texts.<ref name=apostolicbible>{{cite web |url=http://www.apostolicbible.com/intro.pdf |title=Introduction |website=Apostolic Bible |access-date=26 August 2015}}</ref>
* ''Septuaginta: A Reader's Edition'', a 2018 reader's edition of the Septuagint<ref name=Eng2018>{{Cite magazine |last=Eng |first=Daniel K. |title=Review of "Septuaginta: A Reader's Edition," edited by Gregory R. Lanier and William A. Ross |url=https://www.academia.edu/38536304 |magazine=Ink |publisher=Tyndale House |page=17}}</ref> using the text of the 2006 revised edition of Rahlf's Septuaginta.<ref name=Rahlf>{{Cite web |url=https://lxxre.wordpress.com/2018/05/14/why-did-we-choose-rahlfs-hanhart-as-the-basis-for-this-readers-edition/ |title=Why Did We Choose Rahlfs-Hanhart as the Basis for this Reader's Edition? |date=14 May 2018 |website=Septuaginta: A Reader's Edition |language=en |access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref>

=== Onomastics ===
One of the main challenges, faced by translators during their work, emanated from the need to implement appropriate Greek forms for various [[onomastic]] terms, used in the Hebrew Bible. Most onomastic terms (toponyms, anthroponyms) of the Hebrew Bible were rendered by corresponding Greek terms that were similar in form and sounding, with some notable exceptions.{{sfn|Tov|2010|p=413–428}}

One of those exceptions was related to a specific group of onomastic terms for the region of [[Aram (region)|Aram]] and ancient [[Arameans]]. Influenced by Greek onomastic terminology, translators decided to adopt Greek custom of using "Syrian" [[labels]] as designations for Arameans, their lands and language, thus abandoning [[endonymic]] (native) terms, that were used in the Hebrew Bible. In the Greek translation, the region of [[Aram (region)|Aram]] was commonly labeled as "Syria", while Arameans were labeled as "Syrians". Such adoption and implementation of terms that were foreign ([[exonymic]]) had far-reaching influence on later terminology related to Arameans and their lands, since the same terminology was reflected in later Latin and other translations of the Septuagint, including the English translation.{{sfn|Wevers|2001|p=237-251}}{{sfn|Joosten|2008|p=93-105}}{{sfn|Joosten|2010|p=53–72}}{{sfn|Messo|2011|p=113-114}}

Reflecting on those problems, American orientalist Robert W. Rogers (d. 1930) noted in 1921: "it is most unfortunate that Syria and Syrians ever came into the English versions. It should always be Aram and the Aramaeans".{{sfn|Rogers|1921|p=139}}

=== English translations ===
The first English translation (which excluded the apocrypha) was [[Thomson's Translation|Charles Thomson's in 1808]],<ref>{{cite book |title=An American Bible: A History of the Good Book in the United States, 1777–1880 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |author=Gutjahr, Paul C. |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8047-4339-6 |pages=8-10}}</ref> which was revised and enlarged by C. A. Muses in 1954 and published by the Falcon's Wing Press.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Septuagint Bible: The Oldest Version of the Old Testament in the Translation of Charles Thomson |publisher=The Falcons Wing Press |year=1954}}</ref>

''[[The Septuagint version of the Old Testament (Brenton)|The Septuagint with Apocrypha: Greek and English]]'' was translated by Lancelot Brenton in 1854. It is the traditional translation, and most of the time since its publication it has been the only one readily available. It has also been continually in print. The translation, based on the [[Codex Vaticanus]], contains the Greek and English texts in parallel columns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Read the Septuagint Bible w/ Apocrypha Free Online |url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/lxx/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Bible Study Tools |language=en}}</ref> It has an average of four footnoted, transliterated words per page, abbreviated ''Alex'' and ''GK''.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

''The Complete Apostles' Bible'' (translated by Paul W. Esposito) was published in 2007. Using the Masoretic Text in the 23rd Psalm (and possibly elsewhere), it omits the apocrypha.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

[[New English Translation of the Septuagint|A New English Translation of the Septuagint and the Other Greek Translations Traditionally Included Under that Title]] (NETS), an academic translation based on the New Revised Standard version (in turn based on the Masoretic Text) was published by the [[International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies]] (IOSCS) in October 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-21 |title=NETS: New English Translation of the Septuagint |url=https://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/nets/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=ccat.sas.upenn.edu}}</ref>

The ''[[Apostolic Bible Polyglot]],'' published in 2003, features a Greek-English [[Interlinear gloss|interlinear]] Septuagint. It includes the Greek books of the [[Hebrew Bible|Hebrew canon]] (without the apocrypha) and the Greek New Testament; the whole Bible is numerically coded to a new version of the [[Strong's Concordance|Strong numbering system]] created to add words not present in the original numbering by Strong. The edition is set in [[Greek diacritics|monotonic orthography]]. The version includes a [[Bible concordance]] and index.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The ''[[Orthodox Study Bible]]'', published in early 2008, features a new translation of the Septuagint based on the [[Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint|Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Greek text]]. Two additional major sources have been added: the 1851 Brenton translation and the [[New King James Version]] text in places where the translation matches the Hebrew Masoretic text. This edition includes the NKJV New Testament and extensive commentary from an Eastern Orthodox perspective.<ref name=orthodoxstudybible>{{cite web |url=http://orthodoxstudybible.com/ |title=Conciliar Press |website=Orthodox Study Bible |access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref>

Nicholas King completed ''The Old Testament'' in four volumes and ''The Bible''.<ref name=King2013>{{Citation |title=The Bible is published |publisher=Nicholas King |date=1 November 2013 |url=http://www.nicholas-king.co.uk/2013/11/01/the-bible-is-published/}}.</ref>

''Brenton's Septuagint, Restored Names Version'' (SRNV) has been published in two volumes. The Hebrew-names restoration, based on the Westminster Leningrad Codex, focuses on the restoration of the Divine Name and has extensive Hebrew and Greek footnotes.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

''The Holy Orthodox Bible'' by Peter A. Papoutsis and ''The Old Testament According to the Seventy'' by Michael Asser are based on the Greek Septuagint text published by the Apostoliki Diakonia of the [[Church of Greece]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Holy Orthodox Bible (9 vols.) |url=https://www.logos.com/product/45332/the-holy-orthodox-bible |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=www.logos.com}}</ref>{{Further citation needed|date=March 2024}}

In 2012, Lexham Press published the ''Lexham English Septuagint'' (LES), providing a literal, readable, and transparent English edition of the Septuagint for modern readers.<ref name=Lexham36588>{{Cite web |title=The Lexham English Septuagint (LES) |url=https://www.logos.com/product/36588/the-lexham-english-septuagint |access-date=2021-04-08 |website=www.logos.com}}</ref> In 2019, Lexham Press published the ''Lexham English Septuagint,'' Second Edition (LES2), making more of an effort than the first to focus on the text as received rather than as produced. Because this approach shifts the point of reference from a diverse group to a single implied reader, the new LES exhibits more consistency than the first edition.<ref name=Lexham188040>{{Cite web |title=The Lexham English Septuagint, 2nd ed. (LES) |url=https://www.logos.com/product/188040/the-lexham-english-septuagint-2nd-ed |access-date=2021-04-08 |website=www.logos.com}}</ref> "The Lexham English Septuagint (LES), then, is the only contemporary English translation of the LXX that has been made directly from the Greek."<ref name=Lexham2019>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1125358011 |title=The Lexham English Septuagint |publisher=Lexham Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-68359-344-7 |edition=2nd |location=Bellingham, WA |pages=x |oclc=1125358011}}</ref>