Editing Scottish Gaelic (section)

=== Challenges to preservation and revitalization ===
In the [[Outer Hebrides]], accommodation ethics exist amongst native or local Gaelic speakers when engaging with new learners or non-locals.<ref name="McEWAN-FUJITA-2010" /> Accommodation ethics, or ethics of accommodation, is a social practice where local or native speakers of Gaelic shift to speaking English when in the presence of non-Gaelic speakers out of a sense of courtesy or politeness. This accommodation ethic persists even in situations where new learners attempt to speak Gaelic with native speakers.<ref name="McEWAN-FUJITA-2010" /> This creates a situation where new learners struggle to find opportunities to speak Gaelic with fluent speakers. [[Affect (psychology)|Affect]] is the way people feel about something, or the emotional response to a particular situation or experience. For Gaelic speakers, there is a conditioned and socialized negative affect through a long history of negative Scottish media portrayal and public disrespect, state mandated restrictions on Gaelic usage, and [[Highland Clearances|highland clearances]].<ref name="McEwan-Fujita-2022" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Prebble |first=John |title=The Highland Clearances |publisher=Penguin |year=1969 |isbn=0140028374 |location=Harmondsworth, Middlesex}}</ref><ref name="McEwan-Fujita-2011">{{Cite journal |last=McEwan-Fujita |first=Emily |date=2011-01-01 |title=Language revitalization discourses as metaculture: Gaelic in Scotland from the 18th to 20th centuries |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271530910000571 |journal=Language & Communication |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=48–62 |doi=10.1016/j.langcom.2010.12.001 |issn=0271-5309 |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308104845/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271530910000571 |url-status=live }}</ref> This negative affect towards speaking openly with non-native Gaelic speakers has led to a language ideology at odds with revitalization efforts on behalf of new speakers, state policies (such as the Gaelic Language Act), and family members reclaiming their lost mother tongue. New learners of Gaelic often have a positive affective stance to their language learning, and connect this learning journey towards Gaelic language revitalization.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2011-01-05 |title=Reversing Language Shift: The Social Identity and Role of Scottish Gaelic Learners (Belfast Studies in Language, Culture and Politics) by Alasdair MacCaluim |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00407_2.x |journal=Journal of Sociolinguistics |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=266–269 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00407_2.x |last1=Dorian |first1=Nancy C. |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219230011/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00407_2.x |url-status=live }}</ref> The mismatch of these language ideologies, and differences in affective stance, has led to fewer speaking opportunities for adult language learners and therefore a challenge to revitalization efforts which occur outside the home. Positive engagements between language learners and native speakers of Gaelic through mentorship has proven to be productive in socializing new learners into fluency.<ref name="McEWAN-FUJITA-2010" /><ref name="McEwan-Fujita-2011" />