Editing Scoliosis (section)

==Epidemiology==
Scoliosis affects 2–3% of the United States population, or about five to nine million cases.<ref name = Neg2018 /> A scoliosis (spinal column curve) of 10° or less affects 1.5–3% of individuals.<ref name="Herring JA 2002">{{cite book| vauthors = Herring JA |title=Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopaedics | url = https://archive.org/details/tachdjianspediat0002unse | url-access = registration |publisher=W.B. Saunders |location=Philadelphia, PA |isbn=978-0-7216-5684-7|year=2002}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> The [[age of onset]] is usually between 10 years and 15 years (but can occur younger) in children and adolescents, making up to 85% of those diagnosed. This is due to rapid growth spurts during [[puberty]] when spinal development is most susceptible to genetic and environmental influences.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Edery P, Margaritte-Jeannin P, Biot B, Labalme A, Bernard JC, Chastang J, Kassai B, Plais MH, Moldovan F, Clerget-Darpoux F | display-authors = 6 | title = New disease gene location and high genetic heterogeneity in idiopathic scoliosis | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 19 | issue = 8 | pages = 865–869 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21407261 | pmc = 3172921 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2011.31 }}</ref> Because female adolescents undergo growth spurts before postural [[musculoskeletal]] maturity, scoliosis is more prevalent among females.<ref name="Burwell_2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Burwell RG | title = Aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis: current concepts | journal = Pediatric Rehabilitation | volume = 6 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 137–70 | date = 2003 | pmid = 14713582 | doi = 10.1080/13638490310001642757 | s2cid = 12154979 }}</ref>

Although fewer cases are present since using [[Cobb angle]] analysis for diagnosis, scoliosis remains significant, appearing in otherwise healthy children. Despite the fact that scoliosis is a disfigurement of the spine, it has been shown to influence the pneumonic function, [[Balance (ability)|balance]] while standing and stride execution in children. The impact of carrying backpacks on these three side effects have been broadly researched.<ref>{{cite book | veditors = Bessette A, Rousseau CM |title=Scoliosis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment |date= October 2012 |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |url=https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3020988 |isbn=978-1-62081-007-1 }}</ref> Incidence of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) stops after puberty when skeletal maturity is attained, however further curvature may occur during late adulthood due to vertebral [[osteoporosis]] and weakened musculature.<ref name=Neg2018/>