Editing Russians (section)

==Culture==
{{main|Culture of Russia}}

=== Literature ===
[[File:L.N.Tolstoy Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg|thumb|[[Leo Tolstoy]]'s (1828–1910)  notable works include the novels ''[[War and Peace]]'' and ''[[Anna Karenina]]'', often cited as pinnacles of [[Literary realism|realist]] fiction.]]
[[Russian literature]] is considered to be among the world's most influential and developed.{{sfn|Kahn|Lipovetsky|Reyfman|Sandler|2018|p=}} It can be traced to the [[Middle Ages]], when epics and chronicles in vernacular [[Old East Slavic]] were composed.{{sfn|Kahn|Lipovetsky|Reyfman|Sandler|2018|p=}}<ref>{{cite book |surname=Zenkovsky |given=Serge A. |authorlink=Serge Aleksandrovich Zenkovsky |year=1963 |title=Medieval Russia's Epics, Chronicles and Tales |place=New York |publisher=}}</ref> By the [[Age of Enlightenment]], literature had grown in importance, with works from [[Mikhail Lomonosov]], [[Denis Fonvizin]], [[Gavrila Derzhavin]], and the [[Sentimentalism (literature)|Sentimentalist]] [[Nikolay Karamzin]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} From the early 1830s, during the [[Golden Age of Russian Poetry]], literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prose |first1=Francine |last2=Moser |first2=Benjamin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/books/review/what-makes-the-russian-literature-of-the-19th-century-so-distinctive.html |title=What Makes the Russian Literature of the 19th Century So Distinctive? |work=The New York Times |date=25 November 2014 |access-date=2021-07-19 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331103449/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/books/review/what-makes-the-russian-literature-of-the-19th-century-so-distinctive.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Romantic literature]] permitted a flowering of poetic talent: [[Vasily Zhukovsky]] and later his protégé [[Alexander Pushkin]] came to the fore.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Emerson |first=Caryl |jstor=20057504 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |volume=29 |number=4 |date=1998 |pages=653–672 |journal=[[New Literary History]] |title=Pushkin, Literary Criticism, and Creativity in Closed Places |doi=10.1353/nlh.1998.0040 |s2cid=144165201 |quote=...and Pushkin, adapting to the transition with ingenuity and uneven success, became Russia's first fully profes-sional writer.}}</ref> Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including [[Mikhail Lermontov]], [[Nikolay Nekrasov]], [[Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy]], [[Fyodor Tyutchev]] and [[Afanasy Fet]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}

The first great Russian novelist was [[Nikolai Gogol]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Strakhovsky |first=Leonid I. |title=The Historianism of Gogol |jstor=2491790 |doi=10.2307/2491790 |volume=12 |number=3 |date=October 1953 |pages=360–370 |journal=The American Slavic and East European Review (Slavic Review) |publisher=[[Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} Then, during the Age of [[Literary realism|Realism]], came [[Ivan Turgenev]], who mastered both short stories and novels.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Henry Chamberlin |first=William |title=Turgenev: The Eternal Romantic |jstor=125154 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |doi=10.2307/125154 |volume=5 |number=2 |pages=10–23 |journal=[[The Russian Review]]|year=1946}}</ref> [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky|Fyodor Dostoevsky]] and [[Leo Tolstoy]] soon became internationally renowned.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} [[Ivan Goncharov]] is remembered mainly for his novel [[Oblomov]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Pritchett |first=V.S. |title=Saint of Inertia |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1974/03/07/saint-of-inertia/ |magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=7 March 1974 |access-date=2021-07-29 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329061729/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1974/03/07/saint-of-inertia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin]] wrote prose satire,{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Neuhäuser |first=Rudolf |title=The Early Prose of Saltykov-Shchedrin and Dostoevskii: Parallels and Echoes |journal=[[Canadian Slavonic Papers]] |jstor=40867755 |volume=22 |number=3 |date=1980 |pages=372–387 |doi=10.1080/00085006.1980.11091635}}</ref> while [[Nikolai Leskov]] is best remembered for his shorter fiction.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Muckle |first=James |title=Nikolay Leskov: educational journalist and imaginative writer |publisher=Australia and New Zealand Slavists' Association |date=1984 |pages=81–110 |journal=New Zealand Slavonic Journal |jstor=40921231}}</ref> In the second half of the century [[Anton Chekhov]] excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jul/03/classics |title=A Chekhov lexicon |last=Boyd |first=William |date=3 July 2004 |access-date=15 January 2022 |work=The Guardian |quote=...Chekhov, whatever his standing as a playwright, is quite probably the best short-story writer ever. |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329082810/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jul/03/classics |url-status=live}}</ref> Other important 19th-century developments included the fabulist [[Ivan Krylov]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pirie |first1=Gordon |last2=Chandler |first2=Robert |title=Eight Tales from Ivan Krylov |journal=[[Translation and Literature]] |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |jstor=40340118 |volume=18 |number=1 |date=2009 |pages=64–85 |doi=10.3366/E096813610800037X}}</ref> non-fiction writers such as the critic [[Vissarion Belinsky]],{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gifford |first=Henry |title=Belinsky: One Aspect |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |jstor=4204011 |volume=27 |number=68 |date=1948 |pages=250–258}}</ref> and playwrights such as [[Aleksandr Griboyedov]] and [[Aleksandr Ostrovsky]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brintlinger |first=Angela |title=The Persian Frontier: Griboedov as Orientalist and Literary Hero |journal=[[Canadian Slavonic Papers]] |jstor=40870888 |volume=45 |number=3/4 |date=2003 |pages=371–393 |doi=10.1080/00085006.2003.11092333 |s2cid=191370504}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Beasly |first=Ina |title=The Dramatic Art of Ostrovsky. (Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky, 1823–86) |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |jstor=4202212 |volume=6 |number=18 |date=1928 |pages=603–617}}</ref> The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the [[Silver Age of Russian Poetry]]. This era had poets such as [[Alexander Blok]], [[Anna Akhmatova]], [[Boris Pasternak]], [[Konstantin Balmont]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Markov |first=Vladimir |title=Balmont: A Reappraisal |jstor=2493225 |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |volume=28 |number=2 |date=1969 |pages=221–264 |doi=10.2307/2493225|s2cid=163456732 }}</ref> [[Marina Tsvetaeva]], [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]], and [[Osip Mandelstam]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} It also produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as [[Aleksandr Kuprin]], Nobel Prize winner [[Ivan Bunin]], [[Leonid Andreyev]], [[Yevgeny Zamyatin]], [[Dmitry Merezhkovsky]] and [[Andrei Bely]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}

After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and [[white émigré]] parts. In the 1930s, [[Socialist realism]] became the predominant trend in Russia. Its leading figure was [[Maxim Gorky]], who laid the foundations of this style.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tikhonov |first=Nikolay |title=Gorky and Soviet Literature |date=November 1946 |pages=28–38 |volume=25 |number=64 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |jstor=4203794 |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]]}}</ref> [[Mikhail Bulgakov]] was one of the leading writers of the Soviet era.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=4212557 |last=Lovell |first=Stephen |title=Bulgakov as Soviet Culture |volume=76 |number=1 |pages=28–48 |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |year=1998 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]]}}</ref> [[Nikolay Ostrovsky]]'s novel [[How the Steel Was Tempered]] has been among the most successful works of Russian literature. Influential émigré writers include [[Vladimir Nabokov]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grosshans |first=Henry |title=Vladimir Nabokov and the Dream of Old Russia |jstor=40753878 |publisher=University of Texas Press |pages=401–409 |date=1966 |journal=[[Texas Studies in Literature and Language]] |volume=7 |number=4}}</ref> Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, such as Nobel Prize-winning novelist [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]], who wrote about life in the Gulag camps.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rowley |first=David G. |title=Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Russian Nationalism |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]] |jstor=260964 |publisher=SAGE Publishing |pages=321–337 |volume=32 |number=3 |date=July 1997|doi=10.1177/002200949703200303 |s2cid=161761611}}</ref>

During the post-Soviet 1990s writers are already not recognised as very special guides by most Russians.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} At the beginning of the 21st century, the most discussed figures, [[Russian postmodernism|postmodernists]] [[Victor Pelevin]] and [[Vladimir Sorokin]] remained the leading Russian writers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Aslanyan |first=Anna |title=Revolutions and resurrections: How has Russia's literature changed? |publisher=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/revolutions-and-resurrections-how-has-russias-literature-changed-2264690.html |date=April 8, 2011 |access-date=2024-05-18}}</ref>

=== Philosophy ===
{{Main|Russian philosophy|List of Russian philosophers}}
Russian philosophy has been greatly influential. Religious and spiritual philosophy is represented by works of [[Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)|Vladimir Solovyov]], [[Nikolai Berdyaev]], [[Pavel Florensky]], [[Semyon Frank]], [[Nikolay Lossky]], [[Vasily Rozanov]], and others.{{sfn|Lossky|1952}} [[Helena Blavatsky]] gained international following as the leading theoretician of [[Theosophy]], and co-founded the [[Theosophical Society]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bevir |first=Mark |title=The West Turns Eastward: Madame Blavatsky and the Transformation of the Occult Tradition |jstor=1465212 |pages=747–767 |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=62 |number=3 |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]] |date=1994|doi=10.1093/jaarel/LXII.3.747}}</ref>

Social and political philosophy is also remarkable. [[Alexander Herzen]] is known as one of the fathers of [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] [[populism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kelly |first=Aileen |title=The Destruction of Idols: Alexander Herzen and Francis Bacon |jstor=2709278 |doi=10.2307/2709278 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |year=1980 |volume=41 |number=4 |pages=635–662}}</ref> [[Mikhail Bakunin]] is referred to as the father of [[anarchism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rezneck |first=Samuel |title=The Political and Social Theory of Michael Bakunin |jstor=1945179 |doi=10.2307/1945179 |pages=270–296 |volume=21 |number=2 |journal=[[The American Political Science Review]] |year=1927 |publisher=[[American Political Science Association]]|s2cid=147141998 }}</ref> [[Peter Kropotkin]] was the most important theorist of [[anarcho-communism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Adams |first=Matthew S. |title=Rejecting the American Model: Peter Kropotkin's Radical Communalism |jstor=26227268 |pages=147–173 |volume=35 |number=1 |journal=[[History of Political Thought]] |publisher=Imprint Academic |date=2014}}</ref> [[Mikhail Bakhtin]]'s writings have significantly inspired scholars.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schuster |first=Charles I. |title=Mikhail Bakhtin as Rhetorical Theorist |jstor=377158 |doi=10.2307/377158 |volume=47 |number=6 |pages=594–607 |journal=[[College English]] |year=1985 |publisher=[[National Council of Teachers of English]]|s2cid=141332657}}</ref>  [[Vladimir Lenin]], a major revolutionary, developed a variant of communism known as [[Leninism]]. [[Leon Trotsky]], on the other hand, founded [[Trotskyism]]. [[Alexander Zinoviev]] was a prominent philosopher and writer in the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brom |first=Libor |title=Dialectical Identity and Destiny: A General Introduction to Alexander Zinoviev's Theory of the Soviet Man |jstor=1347433 |doi=10.2307/1347433 |volume=42 |number=1/2 |date=1988 |pages=15–27 |publisher=Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association |journal=Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature|s2cid=146768452}}</ref> [[Aleksandr Dugin]], known for his [[fascist]] views, has been regarded as the "guru of geopolitics".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rutland|first=Peter|date=December 2016|title=Geopolitics and the Roots of Putin's Foreign Policy|journal=[[Russian History (Brill journal)|Russian History]]|publisher=Brill Publishers|volume=43|issue=3–4|pages=425–436|doi=10.1163/18763316-04304009|jstor=26549593}}</ref>

=== Science ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Russia}}
[[File:Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907).jpg|thumb|[[Dmitri Mendeleev]] (1837–1906) is best known for formulating the [[Periodic Law]] and creating a version of the [[periodic table|periodic table of elements]].]]
{{See also|Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records|List of Russian scientists|List of Russian inventors}}
[[Mikhail Lomonosov]] proposed the [[conservation of mass]] in [[chemical reactions]], discovered the [[atmosphere of Venus]], and founded modern [[geology]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Usitalo |first=Steven A. |title=Lomonosov: Patronage and Reputation at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences |journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas |date=2011 |pages=217–239 |publisher=[[Franz Steiner Verlag]] |jstor=41302521 |volume=59 |number=2|doi=10.25162/jgo-2011-0011 |s2cid=252450664 }}</ref> Since the times of [[Nikolay Lobachevsky]], who pioneered the [[non-Euclidean geometry]], and a prominent tutor [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]], Russian [[List of Russian mathematicians|mathematicians]] became among the world's most influential.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vucinich |first=Alexander |title=Mathematics in Russian Culture |jstor=2708192 |doi=10.2307/2708192 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |volume=21 |number=2 |date=1960 |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |pages=161–179}}</ref> [[Dmitry Mendeleev]] invented the [[Periodic table]], the main framework of modern [[chemistry]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leicester |first=Henry M. |title=Factors Which Led Mendeleev to the Periodic Law |jstor=27757115 |doi=10.2307/27757115 |date=1948 |pages=67–74 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |journal=[[Chymia]]|volume=1 }}</ref> [[Sofya Kovalevskaya]] was a pioneer among [[Timeline of women in mathematics#19th Century|women in mathematics]] in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rappaport |first=Karen D. |title=S. Kovalevsky: A Mathematical Lesson |jstor=2320506 |doi=10.2307/2320506 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |journal=[[The American Mathematical Monthly]] |volume=88 |number=8 |pages=564–574 |date=October 1981}}</ref> [[Grigori Perelman]] was offered the first ever Clay [[Millennium Prize Problems]] Award for his final proof of the [[Poincaré conjecture]] in 2002, as well as the Fields Medal in 2006, both of which he declined.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/science/02math.html |title=A Math Problem Solver Declines a $1 Million Prize |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |date=1 July 2010 |access-date=8 January 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230504/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/science/02math.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/science/02math.html |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Highest Honor in Mathematics Is Refused |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=22 August 2006 |access-date=8 January 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230504/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/science/02math.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Alexander Stepanovich Popov|Alexander Popov]] was among the [[invention of radio|inventors of radio]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Marsh |first=Allison |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/who-invented-radio-guglielmo-marconi-or-aleksandr-popov |title=Who Invented Radio: Guglielmo Marconi or Aleksandr Popov? |work=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416082156/https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/dawn-of-electronics/who-invented-radio-guglielmo-marconi-or-aleksandr-popov |url-status=live }}</ref> while [[Nikolai Basov]] and [[Alexander Prokhorov]] were co-inventors of [[laser]] and [[maser]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shampo |first1=Marc A. |last2=Kyle |first2=Robert A. |last3=Steensma |first3=David P. |title=Nikolay Basov—Nobel Prize for Lasers and Masers |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |date=January 2012 |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=e3 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.11.003 |pmid=22212977 |pmc=3498096}}</ref> [[Zhores Alferov]] contributed significantly to the creation of [[Heterojunction|modern heterostructure physics and electronics]].<ref>{{cite journal |title= Remembering Zhores Alferov |last=Ivanov |first=Sergey |volume=13 |number=10 |pages=657–659 |date=10 September 2019 |doi=10.1038/s41566-019-0525-0 |journal=[[Nature Photonics]]|bibcode=2019NaPho..13..657I |s2cid=203099794 }}</ref> [[Oleg Losev]] made crucial contributions in the field of [[semiconductor junction]]s, and discovered [[light-emitting diode]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zheludev |first=Nikolay |title=The life and times of the LED — a 100-year history |date=April 2007 |volume=1 |pages=189–192 |doi=10.1038/nphoton.2007.34 |journal=[[Nature Photonics]]|issue=4 |bibcode=2007NaPho...1..189Z }}</ref> [[Vladimir Vernadsky]] is considered one of the founders of [[geochemistry]], [[biogeochemistry]], and [[Radiometric dating|radiogeology]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ghilarov |first=Alexej M. |title=Vernadsky's Biosphere Concept: An Historical Perspective |jstor=3036242 |publisher=The [[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=70 |number=2 |journal=[[The Quarterly Review of Biology]] |date=June 1995 |pages=193–203|doi=10.1086/418982 |s2cid=85258634 }}</ref> [[Élie Metchnikoff]] is known for his groundbreaking research in [[immunology]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Siamon |title=Elie Metchnikoff, the Man and the Myth |journal=Journal of Innate Immunity |pmid=26836137 |date=3 February 2016 |volume=8 |number=3 |pages=223–227 |doi=10.1159/000443331 |pmc=6738810 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Ivan Pavlov]] is known chiefly for his work in [[classical conditioning]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Anrep |first=G. V. |title=Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. 1849–1936 |jstor=769124 |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |volume=2 |number=5 |date=December 1936 |pages=1–18 |journal=[[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]]|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1936.0001 }}</ref> [[Lev Landau]] made fundamental contributions to many areas of [[theoretical physics]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gorelik |first=Gennady |title=The Top-Secret Life of Lev Landau |jstor=24995874 |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=277 |number=2 |pages=72–77 |date=August 1997 |publisher=Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0897-72 |bibcode=1997SciAm.277b..72G }}</ref>

[[Nikolai Vavilov]] was best known for having identified the [[Vavilov center|centers]] of origin of [[Horticulture|cultivated]] plants.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |title=Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: Plant Geographer, Geneticist, Martyr of Science |doi-access=free |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.50.6.772 |date=1 June 2015 |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pdfs/772.full.pdf |volume=50 |number=6 |journal=HortScience |pages=772–776 |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402131158/https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pdfs/772.full.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were [[émigrés]]. [[Igor Sikorsky]] was an [[List of aviation pioneers|aviation pioneer]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hunsaker |first=Jerome C. |title=A Half Century of Aeronautical Development |jstor=3143642 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |volume=98 |number=2 |pages=121–130 |date=15 April 1954 |journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]]}}</ref> [[Vladimir Zworykin]] was the inventor of the [[iconoscope]] and [[kinescope]] television systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/vladimir-zworykin |title=Vladimir Zworykin |work=[[Lemelson–MIT Prize]] |access-date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329042251/https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/vladimir-zworykin |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]] was the central figure in the field of [[evolutionary biology]] for his work in shaping the [[modern synthesis (20th century)|modern synthesis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ford |first=Edmund Brisco |author-link= E. B. Ford |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1977.0004 |title=Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky, 25 January 1900 – 18 December 1975 |date=November 1977 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume= 23 |pages=58–89 |pmid= 11615738 |doi-access=free |issn=1748-8494}}</ref> [[George Gamow]] was one of the foremost advocates of the [[Big Bang]] theory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.colorado.edu/physics/events/outreach/george-gamow-memorial-lecture-series/distinguished-life-and-career-george-gamow |title=The Distinguished Life and Career of George Gamow |date=11 May 2016 |publisher=[[University of Colorado Boulder]] |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528173448/https://www.colorado.edu/physics/events/outreach/george-gamow-memorial-lecture-series/distinguished-life-and-career-george-gamow |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] is called the father of theoretical [[astronautics]], whose works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as [[Valentin Glushko]], and many others.<ref>{{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Asif A. |title=Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974 |date=2000 |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office]] |isbn=978-0-160-61305-0}}</ref>{{rp|6–7,333}}

In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by [[Yuri Gagarin]]. In 1963, [[Valentina Tereshkova]] became the first and youngest [[women in space|woman in space]], having flown a solo mission on [[Vostok 6]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-woman-in-space |title=Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space |work=[[History (American TV network)|History]] |publisher=[[A&E Networks]] |date=9 February 2010 |access-date=18 January 2022 |quote=On June 16, 1963, aboard Vostok 6, Soviet Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman to travel into space. |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182644/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-woman-in-space |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1965, [[Alexei Leonov]] became the first human to conduct a [[spacewalk]], exiting the [[space capsule]] during [[Voskhod 2]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/2014/newsspec_9035/index.html |title=The First Spacewalk |work=[[BBC]] |first=Paul |last=Rincon |date=13 October 2014 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216020616/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/2014/newsspec_9035/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Painting ===
[[File:Boris Kustodiev - Shrovetide - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Russian artist [[Boris Kustodiev]]'s ''[[Maslenitsa]]'', 1916]]
Early Russian painting is [[Russian icons|represented in icons]] and vibrant [[fresco]]s. In the early 15th century, the master icon painter [[Andrei Rublev]] created some of Russia's most treasured religious art.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}} The [[Russian Academy of Arts]], which was established in 1757, to train Russian artists, brought Western techniques of secular painting to Russia.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} In the 18th century, academicians [[Ivan Argunov]], [[Dmitry Levitzky]], [[Vladimir Borovikovsky]] became influential.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grover |first=Stuart R. |title=The World of Art Movement in Russia |jstor=128091 |doi=10.2307/128091 |pages=28–42 |volume=32 |number=1 |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |publisher=Wiley |date=January 1973}}</ref> The early 19th century saw many prominent paintings by [[Karl Briullov]] and [[Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov|Alexander Ivanov]], both of whom were known for [[Romanticism|Romantic]] historical canvases.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2018 |volume=77 |number=1 |jstor=26565352 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |last=Dianina |first=Katia |title=The Making of an Artist as National Hero |pages=122–150|doi=10.1017/slr.2018.13 |s2cid=165942177 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sibbald |first=Balb |title=If the soul is nourished ... |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |date=5 February 2002 |volume=166 |number=3 |pages=357–358 |pmc=99322}}</ref> [[Ivan Aivazovsky]], another Romantic painter, is considered one of the greatest masters of [[marine art]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Leek|first=Peter|year=2012|title=Russian Painting|publisher=Parkstone International|isbn=978-1-780-42975-5|page=178}}</ref>

In the 1860s, a group of critical [[Realism (arts)|realists]] ([[Peredvizhniki]]), led by [[Ivan Kramskoy]], [[Ilya Repin]] and [[Vasiliy Perov]] broke with the academy, and portrayed the many-sided aspects of social life in paintings.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Valkenier |first=Elizabeth Kridl |title=The Peredvizhniki and the Spirit of the 1860s |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |year=1975 |volume=34 |number=3 |pages=247–265 |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.2307/127973 |jstor=127973}}</ref><ref>Brunson, M. (2016). ''[http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv177td37 Russian Realisms: Literature and Painting, 1840–1890]''. NIU Series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. DeKalb, Il: Northern Illinois University Press.</ref> The turn of the 20th century saw the rise of [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolism]]; represented by [[Mikhail Vrubel]] and [[Nicholas Roerich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reeder |first=Roberta |title=Mikhail Vrubel': A Russian Interpretation of "fin de siècle" Art |jstor=4207296 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=54 |number=3 |date=July 1976 |pages=323–334}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Archer |first=Kenneth |title=Nicholas Roerich and His Theatrical Designs: A Research Survey |jstor=1478046 |doi=10.2307/1478046 |volume=18 |number=2 |publisher=Dance Studies Association |journal=[[Congress on Research in Dance#Dance Research Journal|Dance Research Journal]] |pages=3–6 |year=1986|s2cid=191516851 }}</ref> The [[Russian avant-garde]] flourished from approximately 1890 to 1930; and globally influential artists from this era were [[El Lissitzky]],<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=CAA |pages=437–439 |doi=10.2307/3049132 |jstor=3049132 |journal=[[The Art Bulletin]] |date=September 1973 |volume=55 |number=3 |last=Birnholz |first=Alan C. |title=Notes on the Chronology of El Lissitzky's Proun Compositions}}</ref> [[Kazimir Malevich]], [[Natalia Goncharova]], [[Wassily Kandinsky]], and [[Marc Chagall]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Salmond |first=Wendy |title=The Russian Avant-Garde of the 1890s: The Abramtsevo Circle |journal=The Journal of the Walters Art Museum |volume=60/61 |year=2002 |pages=7–13 |publisher=The [[Walters Art Museum]] |jstor=20168612}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Russia|List of Russian composers}}
[[File:Porträt des Komponisten Pjotr I. Tschaikowski (1840-1893).jpg|thumb|190px|The classic ballet of ''[[Swan Lake]]'' was composed by [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] (1840–1893) ]]
Until the 18th century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=228–230|loc=Music}} In the 19th century, it was defined by the tension between classical composer [[Mikhail Glinka]] along with other members of [[The Mighty Handful]], and the [[Russian Musical Society]] led by composers [[Anton Rubinstein|Anton]] and [[Nikolay Rubinstein]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=228–230|loc=Music}} The later tradition of [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]], one of the greatest composers of the [[Romantic music|Romantic era]], was continued into the 20th century by [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]], one of the last great champions of the Romantic style of European classical music.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Norris|first=Gregory|editor-last=Stanley|editor-first=Sadie|title=The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition|publisher=Macmillan|year=1980|location=London|page=707|isbn=978-0-333-23111-1}}</ref> World-renowned composers of the 20th century include [[Alexander Scriabin]], [[Alexander Glazunov]], [[Igor Stravinsky]], [[Sergei Prokofiev]], [[Dmitri Shostakovich]], [[Georgy Sviridov]] and [[Alfred Schnittke]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=228–230|loc=Music}}

Soviet and Russian conservatories have turned out generations of world-renowned soloists. Among the best known are violinists [[David Oistrakh]] and [[Gidon Kremer]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Violin Virtuosos: From Paganini to the 21st Century|url=https://archive.org/details/violinvirtuososf0000roth|url-access=registration|last=Roth|first=Henry|year=1997|publisher=California Classic Books |isbn=1-879395-15-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Charlotte|last=Higgins|title=Perfect isn't good enough|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2000/nov/22/artsfeatures2|work=The Guardian|quote="Thirty years ago Gidon Kremer was rated as one of the world's outstanding violinists. Then he really started making waves..."|date=22 November 2000|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132052/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2000/nov/22/artsfeatures2|url-status=live}}</ref> cellist [[Mstislav Rostropovich]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Elizabeth|title=Mstislav Rostropovich: Cellist, Teacher, Legend|location=[[London]]|date=2007|publisher=[[Faber & Faber]]|isbn=978-0-571-22051-9}}</ref> pianists [[Vladimir Horowitz]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Dubal|first=David|url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinghorow0000unse|title=Remembering Horowitz: 125 Pianists Recall a Legend|publisher=Schirmer Books|date=1993|isbn=0-02-870676-5}}</ref> [[Sviatoslav Richter]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Hunt|first=John|title=Sviatoslav Richter: Pianist of the Century: Discography|location=London|publisher=Travis & Emery|date=2009|isbn=978-1-901395-99-0}}</ref> and [[Emil Gilels]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Phil|last=Carrick|url=http://www.abc.net.au/classic/content/2013/09/21/3851467.htm|title=Emil Gilels: A True Giant of the Keyboard|work=[[ABC Classic]]|date=21 September 2013|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126072651/http://www.abc.net.au/classic/content/2013/09/21/3851467.htm|archive-date=26 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> and vocalist [[Galina Vishnevskaya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knightfoundation.org/articles/galina-vishnevskaya-the-russian-tigress-2/|title=Galina Vishnevskaya, the Russian tigress|work=[[Knight Foundation]]|first=Sebastian|last=Spreng|date=19 December 2012|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190530/https://knightfoundation.org/articles/galina-vishnevskaya-the-russian-tigress-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the Soviet times, [[popular music]] also produced a number of renowned figures, such as the two [[Bard (Soviet Union)|balladeers]]—[[Vladimir Vysotsky]] and [[Bulat Okudzhava]],<ref name="music2">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Music|title=Russia – Music|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407043936/https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Music|url-status=live}}</ref> and performers such as [[Alla Pugacheva]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/28/nyregion/superstar-evokes-superpower-diva-s-voice-adoring-fans-hear-echoes-soviet-days.html?scp=5&sq=pugacheva&st=cse|title=A Superstar Evokes a Superpower; In Diva's Voice, Adoring Fans Hear Echoes of Soviet Days|work=The New York Times|first=Alison|last=Smale|date=28 February 2000|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231350/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/28/nyregion/superstar-evokes-superpower-diva-s-voice-adoring-fans-hear-echoes-soviet-days.html?scp=5&sq=pugacheva&st=cse|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jazz]], even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country's most popular musical forms.<ref name="music2"/> The [[Vyacheslav Ganelin|Ganelin Trio]] have been described by critics as the greatest ensemble of free-jazz in [[continental Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scaruffi.com/jazz/ganelin.html|title=Ganelin Trio|first=Piero|last=Scaruffi|author-link=Piero Scaruffi|quote="The Ganelin Trio was the greatest ensemble of free-jazz in continental Europe, namely in Russia. Like other European improvisers, pianist Vyacheslav Ganelin, woodwind player Vladimir Chekasin and percussionist Vladimir Tarasov too found a common ground between [[Free jazz|free-jazz]] and [[Dada]]ism. Their shows were as much music as they were provocative antics."|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184606/https://www.scaruffi.com/jazz/ganelin.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By the 1980s, [[Rock music in Russia|rock music]] became popular across Russia, and produced bands such as [[Aria (band)|Aria]], [[Aquarium (band)|Aquarium]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20141013-meet-the-bob-dylan-of-russia|title=Boris Grebenshikov: 'The Bob Dylan of Russia'|work=BBC|first=Sally|last=McGrane|date=21 October 2014|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091042/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20141013-meet-the-bob-dylan-of-russia|url-status=live}}</ref> [[DDT (band)|DDT]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Pellegrinelli|first=Lara|url=https://www.npr.org/2008/02/06/18752518/ddt-notes-from-russias-rock-underground|title=DDT: Notes from Russia's Rock Underground|work=[[National Public Radio]]|quote="For the Russian band DDT, it was hard enough being a rock group under the Soviet regime. The band, which formed in 1981, gave secret concerts in apartments, bomb shelters, and even kindergarten classrooms to avoid the attention of authorities... Later, the policies of perestroika allowed bands to perform out in the open. DDT went on to become one of Russia's most popular acts..."|date=6 February 2008|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331101353/https://www.npr.org/2008/02/06/18752518/ddt-notes-from-russias-rock-underground|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Kino (band)|Kino]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/leningrad-rock-club-scorpions-meine-soviet-union-wind-of-change-tsoi/31157285.html|title='Crazy Pirates': The Leningrad Rockers Who Rode A Wind Of Change Across The U.S.S.R.|work=Radio Liberty|first=Coilin|last=O'Connor|date=23 March 2021|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413053633/https://www.rferl.org/a/leningrad-rock-club-scorpions-meine-soviet-union-wind-of-change-tsoi/31157285.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-music-kino-tsoi/27185480.html|title=Musician, Songwriter, Cultural Force: Remembering Russia's Viktor Tsoi|work=Radio Liberty|quote="Also in 1982, [[Viktor Tsoi|Tsoi]] formed the band Kino and the group recorded its first album, [[45 (Kino album)|45]]... Tsoi and Kino quickly became a sensation... In 1986, the band released [[Khochu peremen]] – an anthem calling on the young generation to become more active and demand political change. The song made Kino's reputation across the Soviet Union..."|date=12 August 2015|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331102434/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-music-kino-tsoi/27185480.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Russian pop|Pop music]] in Russia has continued to flourish since the 1960s, with globally famous acts such as [[t.A.T.u.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/tatu-bad-to-be-true-20030614-gdvvq0.html|title=Tatu bad to be true|work=[[The Age]]|date=14 June 2003|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331103131/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/tatu-bad-to-be-true-20030614-gdvvq0.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the recent times, [[Little Big (band)|Little Big]], a [[rave music|rave]] band, has gained popularity in Russia and across Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@sabrinafaramarzi/a-review-of-russian-rave-band-little-big-in-berlin-9eb4e8e1b0db|title=Little Big: camp, outrageous Russian rave|work=[[Medium (website)|Medium]]|first=Sabrina|last=Faramarzi|date=12 May 2019|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190111/https://medium.com/@sabrinafaramarzi/a-review-of-russian-rave-band-little-big-in-berlin-9eb4e8e1b0db|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Cinema ===
{{main|Cinema of Russia|Cinema of the Soviet Union}}
[[File:Vintage Potemkin.jpg|thumb|upright|Poster of ''[[Battleship Potemkin]]'' (1925) by Sergei Eisenstein, which was named the [[List of films considered the best|greatest film of all time]] at the [[Expo 58|Brussels World's Fair]] in 1958.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hodgson|first=Jonathan|url=https://www.play.mdx.ac.uk/media/EISENSTEIN%2C+Sergei+-+BATTLESHIP+POTEMKIN+-+1925+Russia/1_sub9wj41|title=EISENSTEIN, Sergei – BATTLESHIP POTEMKIN – 1925 Russia|publisher=[[Middlesex University]]|date=4 December 2020|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329091227/https://www.play.mdx.ac.uk/media/EISENSTEIN%2C+Sergei+-+BATTLESHIP+POTEMKIN+-+1925+Russia/1_sub9wj41|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Russian and later [[Soviet cinema]] was a hotbed of invention, resulting in world-renowned films such as ''[[The Battleship Potemkin]]''.<ref>Miller, Jamie. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20451166?seq=1 Soviet Cinema, 1929–41: The Development of Industry and Infrastructure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527122843/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20451166?seq=1 |date=27 May 2021 }}" Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 58, no. 1, 2006, pp. 103–124. [[JSTOR]]. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</ref> Soviet-era filmmakers, most notably [[Sergei Eisenstein]] and [[Andrei Tarkovsky]], would go on to become among of the world's most innovative and influential directors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inverse.com/article/40392-sergei-eisenstein-google-doodle|title=Sergei Eisenstein: How the "Father of Montage" Reinvented Cinema|work=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]]|first=Mike|last=Brown|date=22 January 2018|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331100137/https://www.inverse.com/article/40392-sergei-eisenstein-google-doodle|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/where-begin-with-andrei-tarkovsky|title=Where to begin with Andrei Tarkovsky|work=[[British Film Institute]]|first=Carmen|last=Gray|date=27 October 2015|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091343/https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/where-begin-with-andrei-tarkovsky|url-status=live}}</ref> Eisenstein was a student of [[Lev Kuleshov]], who developed the groundbreaking [[Soviet montage theory]] of film editing at the world's first [[film school]], the [[Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography|All-Union Institute of Cinematography]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/All-Union-State-Institute-of-Cinematography|title=All-Union State Institute of Cinematography|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331092540/https://www.britannica.com/topic/All-Union-State-Institute-of-Cinematography|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dziga Vertov]]'s "[[Kino-Eye]]" theory had a huge impact on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yale.edu/2019/08/12/yale-film-scholar-dziga-vertov-enigma-movie-camera|title=Yale film scholar on Dziga Vertov, the enigma with a movie camera|work=[[Yale University]]|first=Kendall|last=Teare|date=12 August 2019|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=19 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419004549/https://news.yale.edu/2019/08/12/yale-film-scholar-dziga-vertov-enigma-movie-camera|url-status=live}}</ref> Many Soviet socialist realism films were artistically successful, including ''[[Chapaev (film)|Chapaev]]'', ''[[The Cranes Are Flying]]'', and ''[[Ballad of a Soldier]]''.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema. The comedies of [[Eldar Ryazanov]] and [[Leonid Gaidai]] of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catchphrases still in use today.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/eldar-ryazanov-films/27398408.html|title=Eldar Ryazanov And His Films|work=[[Radio Free Europe]]|quote="Eldar Ryazanov, a Russian film director whose iconic comedies captured the flavor of life and love in the Soviet Union while deftly skewering the absurdities of the communist system... His films ridiculed Soviet bureaucracy and trained a clear eye on the predicaments and peculiarities of daily life during the communist era, but the light touch of his satire helped him dodge government censorship."|date=30 November 2015|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331102410/https://www.rferl.org/a/eldar-ryazanov-films/27398408.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Prokhorova, Elena, "The Man Who Made Them Laugh: Leonid Gaidai, the King of Soviet Comedy", in Beumers, Birgit (2008) ''A History of Russian Cinema'', Berg Publishers, {{ISBN|978-1845202156}}, pp. 519–542</ref> In 1961–68 [[Sergey Bondarchuk]] directed an [[Academy Award|Oscar]]-winning [[War and Peace (film series)|film adaptation]] of Leo Tolstoy's epic ''[[War and Peace]]'', which was [[the most expensive film]] made in the Soviet Union.<ref>Birgit Beumers. ''A History of Russian Cinema''. Berg Publishers (2009). {{ISBN|978-1-84520-215-6}}. p. 143.</ref> In 1969, [[Vladimir Motyl]]'s ''[[White Sun of the Desert]]'' was released, a very popular film in a genre of [[ostern]]; the film is traditionally watched by [[cosmonauts]] before any trip into space.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmlinc.com/wrt/onsale08/russian08/whitesunofthedesert.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905102633/http://filmlinc.com/wrt/onsale08/russian08/whitesunofthedesert.html|archive-date=5 September 2008|publisher=Film Society of Lincoln Center|title=White Sun of the Desert|access-date=18 January 2008}}</ref> In 2002, ''[[Russian Ark]]'' was the first feature film ever to be shot in a single take.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/russian-ark-history-one-shot/|title='Russian Ark' a history in one shot|work=[[The Michigan Daily]]|first=Jeff|last=Dickerson|date=31 March 2003|access-date=25 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525123421/https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/russian-ark-history-one-shot/|url-status=live}}</ref> Today, the Russian cinema industry continues to expand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/01/18/the-revival-of-russias-cinema-industry-a64197|title=The Revival of Russia's Cinema Industry|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|first=Ben|last=Aris|date=18 January 2019|access-date=25 May 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331103222/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/01/18/the-revival-of-russias-cinema-industry-a64197|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Russian architecture|List of Russian architects}}
[[File:Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow.jpg|thumb|[[Saint Basil's Cathedral]], built between 1555 and 1683 and combined earlier chuch and the [[Volga Tatars|Tatar]] east styles,{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}} Moscow]]
[[File:Собор Воскресения Христова (Спаса на крови).jpg|thumb|[[Church of the Savior on Blood]] in [[Russian Revival]] style, the 19th c., Saint Petersburg]]
The history of [[Russian architecture]] begins with early woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs,{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rem Koolhaas, James Westcott, Stephan Petermann|title=Elements of Architecture|year=2017|publisher=[[Taschen]]|isbn=978-3-8365-5614-9|page=102}}</ref> and the [[architecture of Kievan Rus']].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Rappoport|first=Pavel A.|title=Building the Churches of Kievan Russia|year=1995|page=248|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780860783275}}</ref> Following the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus']], for several centuries it was influenced predominantly by the [[Byzantine Empire]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Voyce|first=Arthur|date=1957|title=National Elements in Russian Architecture|journal=[[Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians]]|volume=16|issue=2|pages=6–16|doi=10.2307/987741|issn=0037-9808|jstor=987741}}</ref> Due to Mongol occupation cut ties with the Byzantine Empire Russian architecture inreached some original innovations, among them the church altar screen dividing [[iconostasis]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}} [[Aristotle Fioravanti]] and other Italian architects brought [[Renaissance]] trends into Russia, especially in reconstruction of [[Kremlin]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jarzombek|first1=Mark M.|last2=Prakash|first2=Vikramaditya|last3=Ching|first3=Frank|title=A Global History of Architecture 2nd Edition|year=2010|page=544|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0470402573}}</ref> The 16th century saw the development of the unique [[tent-like church]]es; and the [[onion dome]] design, which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lidov|first=Alexei|title=The Canopy over the Holy Sepulchre. On the Origin of Onion-Shaped Domes|url=https://www.academia.edu/2694753|journal=[[Academia.edu]]|date=2005|pages=171–180|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329115442/https://www.academia.edu/2694753|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 17th century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and [[Yaroslavl]], gradually paving the way for the [[Naryshkin baroque]] of the 1690s. After the reforms of Peter the Great, Russia's architecture became influenced by Western European styles.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref name="Shvidkovsky">{{cite book|last=Shvidkovsky|first=Dmitry|title=Russian Architecture and the West|publisher=Yale University Press|page=480|year=2007|isbn=9780300109122}}</ref> The 18th-century taste for [[Rococo]] architecture led to the splendid works of [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]] and his followers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ring|first1=Trudy|last2=Watson|first2=Noelle|last3=Schellinger|first3=Paul|title=Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places|year=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfPYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA657|page=657|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781884964015|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928153552/https://books.google.com/books?id=yfPYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA657#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> During the reign of Catherine the Great, Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of [[Neoclassical architecture]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Most Intentional City: St. Petersburg in the Reign of Catherine the Great|last=Munro|first=George|publisher=Farleigh Dickinson University Press|year=2008|isbn=9780838641460|location=Cranbury, NJ|page=233}}</ref> During [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]]'s rule, [[Empire style]] became the ''de facto'' architectural style, and [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] opened the gate of [[Eclecticism]] to Russia. The second half of the 19th-century was dominated by the [[Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire|Neo-Byzantine]] and [[Russian Revival]] style.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}} In early 20th-century, [[Russian neoclassical revival]] became a trend.<ref name="Shvidkovsky"/> Prevalent styles of the late 20th-century were the [[Art Nouveau architecture in Russia|Art Nouveau]], [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Lodder|first=Christina|title=Russian Constructivism|date=1985|page=328|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0300034066}}</ref> and [[Stalinist architecture|Socialist Classicism]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tarkhanov|first1=Alexei|last2=Kavtaradze|first2=Sergei|title=Architecture of the Stalin Era|year=1992|page=192|publisher=Rizzoli |isbn=9780847814732}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Russian Orthodox Church|Religion in Russia}} 
{{POV section|date=November 2023}}
[[File:День Святой Троицы. Престольный праздник.jpg|thumb|[[Trinity Sunday]] in Russia; the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] has experienced a great revival since the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], a country that had a policy of [[state atheism]].]]
[[File:Te Deum Lyahovo Guslitsa 8687.jpg|right|thumb|The communal [[Old Believers]]' service for the [[Holy Week|Bright Easter Week]], [[Moscow Oblast]].]]

Most religious Russians are [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox Christians]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=203–210|loc=The Russian Orthodox Church}}{{sfn|Shmeleva|1994|p=270}} According to differing sociological surveys on religious adherence, between 41% to over 80% of the total population of Russia adhere to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=203–210|loc=The Russian Orthodox Church}}<ref name="ArenaAtlas2012">There is no official census of religion in Russia, and estimates are based on surveys only. In August 2012, [http://sreda.org/arena ARENA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143249/http://sreda.org/arena |date=12 June 2018 }} determined that about 46.8% of Russians are Christians (including Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant, and non-denominational), which is slightly less than an absolute 50%+ majority. However, later that year the [http://www.levada.ru/17-12-2012/v-rossii-74-pravoslavnykh-i-7-musulman Levada Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231020830/http://www.levada.ru/17-12-2012/v-rossii-74-pravoslavnykh-i-7-musulman |date=31 December 2012}} determined that 76% of Russians are Christians, and in June 2013 the [http://fom.ru/obshchestvo/10953 Public Opinion Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415213226/https://fom.ru/obshchestvo/10953 |date=15 April 2020}} determined that 65% of Russians are Christians. These findings are in line with [http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/ Pew] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510181111/https://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/ |date=10 May 2020 }}'s 2010 survey, which determined that 73.3% of Russians are Christians, with [http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=268&uid=13365 VTSIOM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929201730/https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=268&uid=13365%2F |date=29 September 2020}}'s 2010 survey (~77% Christian), and with [http://www.fgi-tbff.org/sites/default/files/elfinder/FGIImages/Research/fromresearchtopolicy/ipsos_mori_briefing_pack.pdf#page=40 Ipsos MORI] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013643/http://www.fgi-tbff.org/sites/default/files/elfinder/FGIImages/Research/fromresearchtopolicy/ipsos_mori_briefing_pack.pdf |date=17 January 2013 }}'s 2011 survey (69%).</ref><ref name="Ogonek">''[http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1997068 Верю — не верю] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827114409/http://kommersant.ru/doc/1997068 |date=27 August 2012 }}''. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27 August 2012. ''Retrieved 24 September 2012''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religare.ru/2_42432.html|script-title=ru:Опубликована подробная сравнительная статистика религиозности в России и Польше|language=ru|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081009/http://www.religare.ru/2_42432.html|archive-date=2 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Non-religious Russians may associate themselves with the Orthodox faith for cultural reasons. Some Russian people are [[Old Believers]]: a relatively small [[Schism (religion)|schismatic]] group of the Russian Orthodoxy that rejected the liturgical reforms introduced in the 17th century. Other schisms from Orthodoxy include [[Spiritual Christianity]], namely [[Doukhobor]]s which in the 18th century rejected secular government, the Russian Orthodox priests, icons, all church ritual, the Bible as the supreme source of divine revelation and the divinity of Jesus, and later emigrated into Canada. Another Spiritual Christian mivement were [[Molokan]]s which formed in the 19th century and rejected Czar's [[Divine right of kings|divine right to rule]], icons, the [[Trinity]] as outlined by the [[Nicene Creed]], Orthodox [[Fasting#Eastern Orthodoxy|fasts]], military service, and practices including [[Baptism|water baptism]].<ref>{{cite journal |surname=Berdyaev |given=Nikolai |authorlink=Nikolai Berdyaev |translator=S. Janos |title=Spiritual Christianity and Setvctarianism in Russia |journal=Russkaya Mysl ("Russian Thought") |date=1999 |orig-year=1916 |url=http://www.berdyaev.com/berdiaev/berd_lib/1916_252a.html |via=Berdyaev.com |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719084458/https://www.berdyaev.com/berdiaev/berd_lib/1916_252a.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Other world religions have negligible representation among ethnic Russians. The largest of these groups are [[Islam]] with over 100,000 followers from national minorities,<ref name="ArenaAtlas">{{cite web|url=http://sreda.org/arena/arena-v-pdf|title=Арена|access-date=21 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232117/http://sreda.org/arena/arena-v-pdf|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Baptists]] with over 85,000 Russian adherents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_639.html |title=statistics |publisher=Adherents.com |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810101834/http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_639.html |archive-date=10 August 2018 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Others are mostly [[Pentecostals]], [[Evangelicals]], [[Seventh-day Adventists]], [[Lutherans]], [[The Salvation Army]], and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=210–220|loc=Other Religions}}

Since the fall of the Soviet Union various new religious movements have sprung up and gathered a following among ethnic Russians. The most prominent of these are [[Rodnovery]], the revival of the Slavic native religion also common to other [[Slavs|Slavic nations]].<ref>Shnirelman, Victor (2002). ''[http://legacy.wlu.ca/documents/6483/Christians_Go_home.pdf "Christians! Go home": A Revival of Neo-Paganism between the Baltic Sea and Transcaucasia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202101/http://legacy.wlu.ca/documents/6483/Christians_Go_home.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }}''. Journal of Contemporary Religion, Vol. 17, No. 2.</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in Russia}}
[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Russia.<ref>{{cite book|first=Suzanne J.|last=Murdico|title=Russia: A Primary Source Cultural Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwEWwYhv9ZUC&pg=PT96|access-date=19 November 2013|year=2005|publisher=Rosen Publishing|isbn=978-1-4042-2913-6|page=132}}</ref> The [[Soviet Union national football team]] became the first European champions by winning [[Euro 1960]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025a-0eb0ecf360cc-a9532565e049-1000--euro-1960-all-you-need-to-know/|title=EURO 1960: all you need to know|work=[[UEFA Champions League]]|date=13 February 2020|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225195942/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025a-0eb0ecf360cc-a9532565e049-1000--euro-1960-all-you-need-to-know/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and reached the finals of [[Euro 1988]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025d-0f859f66fcba-c8d3aa08dfa3-1000--classics-ussr-vs-netherlands-1988/|title=Classics: Soviet Union vs Netherlands, 1988|work=[[UEFA Champions League]]|date=29 May 2020|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132625/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025d-0f859f66fcba-c8d3aa08dfa3-1000--classics-ussr-vs-netherlands-1988/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1956 and 1988, the Soviet Union won gold at the [[Football at the Summer Olympics#Results|Olympic football tournament]]. Russian clubs [[PFC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]] and [[Zenit Saint Petersburg]] won the [[UEFA Cup]] in 2005 and 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0253-0d806e352f9f-e83f37a18d8b-1000--sporting-cska-moskva-watch-their-2005-final/|title=Sporting-CSKA Moskva: watch their 2005 final|work=[[UEFA Champions League]]|date=7 August 2015|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132621/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0253-0d806e352f9f-e83f37a18d8b-1000--sporting-cska-moskva-watch-their-2005-final/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2019/11/18/how-a-brilliant-zenit-saint-petersburg-lifted-the-uefa-cup-in-2008/|title=How a brilliant Zenit Saint Petersburg lifted the UEFA Cup in 2008|work=[[These Football Times]]|first=Joe|last=Terry|date=18 November 2019|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132621/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2019/11/18/how-a-brilliant-zenit-saint-petersburg-lifted-the-uefa-cup-in-2008/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Russian national football team]] reached the semi-finals of [[Euro 2008]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/jun/26/russiaspainlive|title=Euro 2008: Russia v Spain – as it happened|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Sean|last=Ingle|date=26 June 2008|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812004724/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/jun/26/russiaspainlive|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia was the host nation for the [[2017 FIFA Confederations Cup]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/|title=2018 FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017|work=[[FIFA]]|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703122532/http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/matches/round=274645/match=300334881/matchcast.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/russia2018/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224033040/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/russia2018/|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 February 2020|title=2018 FIFA World Cup Russia™|work=[[FIFA]]|access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref>

[[Ice hockey in Russia|Ice hockey]] is very popular in Russia.<ref name="hockey">{{cite web|url=https://geohistory.today/russian_ice_hockey/|title=Russians on Ice: A Brief Overview of Soviet and Russian Hockey|work=GeoHistory|first1=Lisa|last1=Crandell|first2=Josh|last2=Wilson|date=3 December 2009|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603154409/https://geohistory.today/russian_ice_hockey/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team]] dominated the sport internationally throughout its existence,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/2/25/8108397/soviet-hockey-red-army|title=How Soviet hockey ruled the world — and then fell apart|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|first=Emily|last=VanDerWerff|date=22 February 2019|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626205838/https://www.vox.com/2015/2/25/8108397/soviet-hockey-red-army|url-status=live}}</ref> and the modern-day [[Russia men's national ice hockey team]] is among the most successful teams in the sport.<ref name="hockey"/> [[Bandy]] is Russia's national sport, and it has historically been the highest-achieving country in the sport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/sport/2013/02/14/bandy_a_concise_history_of_the_extreme_sport_22867.html|title=Bandy: A concise history of the extreme sport|work=[[Russia Beyond]]|first=Ilya|last=Trisvyatsky|date=14 February 2013|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329091226/https://www.rbth.com/arts/sport/2013/02/14/bandy_a_concise_history_of_the_extreme_sport_22867.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Russian national basketball team]] won the [[EuroBasket 2007]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euroleague.net/news/i/15364/eurobasket-2007-final-september-16-2007|title=EuroBasket 2007 final: September 16, 2007|work=[[EuroLeague]]|first=Javier|last=Gancedo|date=16 September 2007|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116171531/https://www.euroleague.net/news/i/15364/eurobasket-2007-final-september-16-2007|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Russian basketball club [[PBC CSKA Moscow]] is among the most successful European basketball teams. The annual [[Formula One]] [[Russian Grand Prix]] is held at the [[Sochi Autodrom]] in the [[Sochi Olympic Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/information.russia-sochi-autodrom.3nDdZPizsnPEtlHysv115Y.html|title=Russia – Sochi|work=[[Formula One]]|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=21 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321211802/https://www.formula1.com/en/information.russia-sochi-autodrom.3nDdZPizsnPEtlHysv115Y.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Russia is the leading nation in [[rhythmic gymnastics]]; and Russian [[synchronized swimming]] is considered to be the world's best.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2016/08/19/russian-mastery-in-synchronized-swimming-yields-double-gold/89000222/|title=Russian mastery in synchronized swimming yields double gold|work=[[USA Today]]|date=19 August 2016|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208003710/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2016/08/19/russian-mastery-in-synchronized-swimming-yields-double-gold/89000222/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Figure skating]] is another popular sport in Russia, especially [[pair skating]] and [[ice dancing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22276736/figure-skating-olympics-winter-2022-lessons|title=Figure skating is on thin ice. Here's how to fix it.|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|first=Rebecca|last=Jennings|date=18 February 2021|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132621/https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22276736/figure-skating-olympics-winter-2022-lessons|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia has produced a number of famous [[tennis]] players,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://petercioth.medium.com/roots-of-the-fall-and-rise-of-russian-tennis-9ba2e01635e8|title=Roots of The Fall And Rise of Russian Tennis.|work=[[Medium (website)|Medium]]|first=Peter|last=Cioth|date=9 February 2021|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603153414/https://petercioth.medium.com/roots-of-the-fall-and-rise-of-russian-tennis-9ba2e01635e8|url-status=live}}</ref> such as [[Maria Sharapova]] and [[Daniil Medvedev]]. [[Chess]] is also a widely popular pastime in the nation, with many of the world's top chess players being Russian for decades.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2009/09/how-did-russians-get-so-good-at-chess.html|title=Why are the Russians so good at chess?|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|first=Christopher|last=Beam|date=25 September 2009|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331071732/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2009/09/how-did-russians-get-so-good-at-chess.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[1980 Summer Olympic Games]] were held in Moscow,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/moscow-1980|title=Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics – Athletes, Medals & Results|work=Olympics.com|date=24 April 2018|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132625/https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/moscow-1980|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] and the [[2014 Winter Paralympics]] were hosted in Sochi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sochi-2014|title=Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics – Athletes, Medals & Results|work=Olympics.com|date=23 April 2018|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132652/https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sochi-2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sochi-2014|title=Sochi 2014|work=[[International Paralympic Committee]]|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806054846/https://www.paralympic.org/sochi-2014|url-status=live}}</ref>