Editing Rudy Giuliani (section)

=== 1993 ===
{{Main|1993 New York City mayoral election}}
Four years after his defeat to Dinkins, Giuliani again ran for mayor. Once again, Giuliani also ran on the Liberal Party line but not the Conservative Party line, which ran activist George Marlin.<ref name="Marlin-2007">{{cite interview |first=George |last=Marlin |url=http://www.latestpolitics.com/article/17 |title=Q&A: George Marlin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319040015/http://www.latestpolitics.com/article/17 |archive-date=March 19, 2008 |work=[[The New York Sun]] |date=March 21, 2007 |access-date=June 24, 2007 }}</ref>

Although crime had begun to fall during the Dinkins administration,<ref>*{{cite book |first=Gary M. |last=Klass |title=Just Plain Data Analysis: Finding, Presenting, and Interpreting Social Science Data |year=2012 |edition=2nd |pages=52–53 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781442215085 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G8BXyVMjAFQC&pg=PA52 |access-date=May 24, 2023 |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522184645/https://books.google.com/books?id=G8BXyVMjAFQC&pg=PA52 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |first=Randol |last=Contreras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=De58-G3w158C |title=The Stickup Kids, Race, Drugs, Violence, and the American Dream |publisher=University of California Press |year=2012 |page=110 |isbn=9780520953574 |access-date=May 24, 2023 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107174330/https://books.google.com/books?id=De58-G3w158C |url-status=live }}</ref> Giuliani's campaign capitalized on the perception that crime was uncontrolled in the city following events such as the [[Crown Heights riot]] and the [[Family Red Apple boycott]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hmo8oltzkhoC&pg=PA218 |first=John H. |last=Mollenkopf |title=A Phoenix in the Ashes: The Rise and Fall of the Koch Coalition in New York City Politics |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1994 |page=218 |isbn=9780691036731 |access-date=May 24, 2023 |archive-date=May 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525110458/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hmo8oltzkhoC&pg=PA218 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/31/nyregion/record-year-for-killings-jolts-officials-in-new-york.html |access-date=May 24, 2023 |title=Record Year for Killings Jolts Officials in New York |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 31, 1990 |last1=Lorch |first1=Donatella |archive-date=January 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125163546/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/31/nyregion/record-year-for-killings-jolts-officials-in-new-york.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The year prior to the election, Giuliani was a key speaker at a [[Patrolmen's Benevolent Association Riot|Patrolmen's Benevolent Association rally]] opposing Dinkins, in which Giuliani blamed the police department's low morale on Dinkins' leadership. The rally quickly devolved into a riot, with nearly 4,000 off-duty police officers storming the [[New York City Hall|City Hall]] and blocking traffic on the [[Brooklyn Bridge]].<ref name="Nahmias-2021">{{cite magazine |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/10/the-forgotten-city-hall-riot.html |title=White Riot In 1992, thousands of furious, drunken cops descended on City Hall – and changed New York history |last1=Nahmias |first1=Laura |magazine=The New Yorker |date=October 4, 2021 |access-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121223648/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/10/the-forgotten-city-hall-riot.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dinkins and Giuliani never debated during the campaign, because they were never able to agree on how to approach a debate.<ref name="Seeley-2007" /><ref name="Marlin-2007" /> Dinkins was endorsed by ''The New York Times'' and ''[[Newsday]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mitchellmoss.com/oped/93-11-04-nynewsday.html |first=Mitchell |last=Moss |title=Why Dinkins Lost |work=Newsday |date=November 4, 1993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222170046/http://www.mitchellmoss.com/oped/93-11-04-nynewsday.html |archive-date=February 22, 2012 |access-date=May 24, 2023 }}</ref> while Giuliani was endorsed by the ''[[New York Post]]'' and, in a key switch from 1989, the New York ''[[New York Daily News|Daily News]]''.<ref>{{cite news |first=William |last=Glaberson |access-date=May 24, 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/01/business/the-media-business-in-an-endorsement-a-search-for-signals.html |title=In an Endorsement, a Search for Signals |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 1, 1993 |archive-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903072146/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/01/business/the-media-business-in-an-endorsement-a-search-for-signals.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Giuliani went to visit the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson]], seeking his blessing and endorsement.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Messiah of Brooklyn: Understanding Lubavitch Hasidim Past and Present |first=M. Avrum |last=Ehrlich |page=109 |publisher=KTAV Publishing |isbn=0-88125-836-9|year=2004 }}</ref>

On election day, Giuliani's campaign hired off-duty cops, firefighters, and corrections officers to [[scrutineer|monitor polling places]] in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and The Bronx for cases of [[Electoral fraud|voter fraud]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/01/nyregion/1993-campaign-polling-places-2-sides-seek-more-police-stymie-intimidation-fraud.html |title=The 1993 Campaign: Polling Places; 2 Sides Seek More Police to Stymie Intimidation and Fraud at Polls |last1=Dugger |first1=Celia W. |work=The New York Times |date=November 1, 1993 |access-date=January 25, 2022 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121224200/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/01/nyregion/1993-campaign-polling-places-2-sides-seek-more-police-stymie-intimidation-fraud.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite objections from the Dinkins campaign, who said that the effort would intimidate Democratic voters, Police Commissioner [[Raymond Kelly|Ray Kelly]] assigned an additional 52 police captains and 3,500 officers to monitor the city's polling places.<ref name="Nahmias-2021"/>

Giuliani won by a margin of 53,367 votes. He became the first Republican elected mayor of New York City since [[John Lindsay]] in 1965.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/classroom/hist_info/mayors.html |title=Elected Mayors of New York City |publisher=NYC.gov |access-date=October 26, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012003808/http://nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/classroom/hist_info/mayors.html |archive-date=October 12, 2007}}</ref> Similar to the election four years prior, Giuliani performed particularly well in the white ethnic neighborhoods in Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/03/nyregion/1993-elections-mayor-giuliani-ousts-dinkins-thin-margin-whitman-upset-winner.html |title=The 1993 Elections: Mayor; Giuliani Ousts Dinkins by a Thin Margin; Whitman is an Upset Over Florio |last1=Purdum |first1=Todd S. |work=The New York Times |date=November 3, 1993 |access-date=January 25, 2022 |archive-date=January 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125163033/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/03/nyregion/1993-elections-mayor-giuliani-ousts-dinkins-thin-margin-whitman-upset-winner.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Giuliani saw especially high returns in the borough of Staten Island, as a referendum to consider allowing the borough to secede from New York City was on the ballot.<ref name="Nahmias-2021"/>