Editing Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (section)

==Influence==

FitzGerald rendered Omar's name as "Omar the Tentmaker",{{dubious|date=September 2017}}<!--apparently not in FitzGerald's text--> and this name resonated in English-speaking popular culture for a while. Thus, [[Nathan Haskell Dole]] published a novel called ''Omar, the Tentmaker: A Romance of Old Persia'' in 1898. ''Omar the Tentmaker of Naishapur'' is a historical novel by John Smith Clarke, published in 1910. 
"Omar the Tentmaker" is a 1914 play in an oriental setting by [[Richard Walton Tully]], adapted as a [[Omar the Tentmaker (film)|silent film]] in 1922.
US General [[Omar Bradley]] was given the nickname "Omar the Tent-Maker" in World War II,<ref>Jeffrey D. Lavoie, ''The Private Life of General Omar N. Bradley'' (2015), p. 13.</ref> and the name has been recorded as a slang expression for "[[penis]]".<ref>Michael Kimmel, Christine Milrod, Amanda Kennedy,  ''Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis'' (2014), p. 93.</ref>
FitzGerald's translations also reintroduced Khayyam to  Iranians, "who had long ignored the Neishapouri poet".<ref name="Molavi110">Molavi, Afshin, ''The Soul of Iran'', Norton, (2005), p. 110f.</ref>

===Literature===

{{trivia|date=September 2017}}
* The title of [[Rex Stout]]'s [[Nero Wolfe]] novel ''[[Some Buried Caesar]]'' comes from one of the Tentmaker's quatrains (FitzGerald's XIX), for example.
* W.E.B. Du Bois references Omar Khayyam, the Persian poet, astronomer, and mathematician, in "The Souls of Black Folk" as part of his exploration of the relationship between the African American community and mainstream American society.  In the chapter "Of the Passing of the First-Born," Du Bois reflects on the death of his infant son and uses the imagery of Khayyam's "Rubaiyat" to express his sense of grief and alienation.
* [[Eugene O'Neill]]'s drama ''[[Ah, Wilderness!]]'' derives its title from the first quoted quatrain above.
* [[Agatha Christie]] used ''[[The Moving Finger]]'' as a story title, as did [[Stephen King]]. See also ''[[And Having Writ...]]''.
* [[Lan Wright]] used ''[[Dawn's Left Hand]]'' as the title of a science fiction story serialized in ''[[New Worlds Science Fiction]]'' (January–March 1963).
* The title of [[Allen Drury]]'s science fiction novel ''[[The Throne of Saturn (novel)|The Throne of Saturn]]'' comes from a quatrain which appears as the book's [[Epigraph (literature)|epigraph]].
* The title of [[Nevil Shute Norway]]'s novel ''[[The Chequer Board]]'' is taken from Stanza LXIX, and that stanza appears as the book's [[Epigraph (literature)|epigraph]].
* The titles of Mike Shupp's science fiction novels ''With Fate Conspire'' and ''Morning Of Creation'', the first two books of the series ''The Destiny Makers'', are taken from Stanzas LXXIII and LIII. These stanzas are quoted during the novels by the main character. The first quote in particular ties in with his mission as a time traveler trying to change past history to alter the outcome of a future war:
:::Ah Love! could thou and I with Fate conspire
:::To grasp this sorry Scheme of Things entire,
:::Would not we shatter it to bits - and then
:::Re-mould it nearer to the Heart's Desire!

Equally noteworthy are these works likewise influenced:
* The satirist and short story writer Hector Hugh Munro took his pen name of '[[Saki]]' from Edward FitzGerald's translation of the Rubaiyat.
* The American author [[O. Henry]] humorously referred to a book by "Homer KM" with the character "Ruby Ott" in his short story "The Handbook of Hymen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.literaturecollection.com/a/o_henry/66/ |title=The Handbook of Hymen by O. Henry |publisher=Literaturecollection.com |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411200856/http://www.literaturecollection.com/a/o_henry/66/ |archive-date=11 April 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> " O. Henry also quoted a quatrain from the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam in "The Rubaiyat of a Scotch Highball".
* [[Oliver Herford]] released a parody of the Rubaiyat called "The Rubaiyat of a Persian Kitten" in 1904, which is notable for its charming illustrations of the kitten in question on his philosophical adventures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oldfashionedamericanhumor.com/the-rubaiyat-of-a-persian-kitten.html |title=Old Fashioned American Humor |publisher=Old Fashioned American Humor |date=6 March 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>
* The artist/illustrator [[Edmund Dulac]] produced some much-beloved illustrations<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldfineart.com/albums/rubaiyat-of-omar-khayyam-illustrated-by-edmund-dulac/pages/1/ |title=oldfineart.com |publisher=oldfineart.com |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005104159/http://www.oldfineart.com/albums/rubaiyat-of-omar-khayyam-illustrated-by-edmund-dulac/pages/1/ |archive-date=5 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> for the Rubaiyat, 1909.
* The play ''[[The Shadow of a Gunman]]'' (1923) by [[Seán O'Casey]] contains a reference to the ''Rubaiyat'' as the character Donal Davoren quotes "grasp this sorry scheme of things entire, and mould life nearer to the heart's desire".
* The Argentinian writer [[Jorge Luis Borges]] discusses ''The Rubaiyat'' and its history in an essay, "The Enigma of Edward FitzGerald" ("El enigma de Edward FitzGerald") in his book "Other Inquisitions" ("Otras Inquisiciones", 1952). He also references it in some of his poems, including "Rubaiyat" in "The Praise of the Shadow" ("Elogio de la Sombra", 1969), and "Chess" ("Ajedrez") in "The Maker" ("El Hacedor", 1960). Borges' father [[Jorge Guillermo Borges]] was the author of a Spanish translation of the FitzGerald version of The Rubaiyat.
* Science fiction author [[Paul Marlowe]]'s story "Resurrection and Life" featured a character who could only communicate using lines from the Rubaiyat.
* Science fiction author [[Isaac Asimov]] quotes ''[[The Moving Finger]]'' in his time-travel novel ''[[The End of Eternity]]''  when a character discusses whether history could be changed.
* [[Charles M. Schulz|Charles Schultz]] wrote a strip in which Lucy reads the ''Jug of Wine'' passage, and Linus asks "No blanket?".
* [[Wendy Cope]]'s poem "Strugnell's Rubiyat" is a close parody of the FitzGerald translation, relocated to modern day [[Tulse Hill]].
* One of the title pages of ''[[Principia Discordia]]'' (1965), a co-author of which went by the pen-name [[Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst]], features its own spin on the quatrain most quoted above:
::: A jug of wine,
::: A leg of lamb
:::: And thou!
::: Beside me,
:::: Whistling in
::::: the darkness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.principiadiscordia.com/book/5.php |title=Principia Discordia, the book of Chaos, Discord and Confusion |publisher=Principiadiscordia.com |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>
* The Lebanese writer [[Amin Maalouf]] based his novel ''[[Samarkand (novel)|Samarkand]]'' (1988) on the life of [[Omar Khayyam]], and the creation of the Rubaiyat. It details the [[Hashshashin|Assassin]] sect as well, and includes a fictional telling of how the (non-existent) original manuscript came to be on the ''[[RMS Titanic]]''.
* In the opening chapter of his book ''[[God is Not Great]]'' (2007), [[Christopher Hitchens]] quotes from [[Richard Le Gallienne]]'s translation of Khayyam's famous quatrain:
:::And do you think that unto such as you
:::A maggot-minded, starved, fanatic crew
:::God gave the secret, and denied it me?
:::Well, well—what matters it? Believe that, too!
* The title of [[Daphne du Maurier]]'s memoir ''Myself when Young'' is a quote from quatrain 27 of FitzGerald's translation:
:::Myself when young did eagerly frequent
:::Doctor and Saint, and heard great Argument
:::About it and about: but evermore
:::Came out by the same Door as in I went.
* [[Rudyard Kipling]] composed the satirical poem ''The Rupaiyat of Omar Kal'vin'',<ref>{{cite web|title=The Rupaiyat of Omar Kal’vin|website=kiplingsociety.co.uk|url=https://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/readers-guide/rg_rupaiyat1.htm}}</ref> following the form of the original but with the content being primarily a complaint against an increase in income tax.
* Working as a pornographic illustrator, The main character in [[Osamu Dazai | Osamu Dazai's ]] ''[[No Longer Human]]'' appends Rubaiyat verses to his illustrations.
* The narrator in Robert M. Pirsig's ''[[Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance]]'' (1974) tries to recall the opening Quatrain of ''The Rubáiyat of Omar Khayyám'' when the landscape of Oregon "looks like some desert in Persia above [them]." The narrator quotes some more Quatrains that "keep rumbling through [his] head. ... ''something, something along some Strip of Herbage strown / That just divides the desert from the sown, / Where name of Slave and Sultan scarce is known, / And pity Sultan Mahmud on his Throne'' ..."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pirsig |first=Robert M. |title=Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance |publisher=Vintage |year=1974 |isbn=9780099786405 |pages=284}}</ref>  He tries to remember other parts saying to himself, "How did that go? I don't know. I don't even ''like'' the poem."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pirsig |first=Robert M. |title=Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance |publisher=Vintage |year=1974 |isbn=9780099786405 |pages=285}}</ref>

===Cinema===
* Filmmaker [[D.W. Griffith]] planned a film based on the poems as a follow-up to ''[[Intolerance (film)|Intolerance]]'' in 1916. It was to star [[Miriam Cooper]], but when she left the Griffith company the plans were dropped;<ref>{{cite book |title=Dark Lady of the Silents |last=Cooper |first=Miriam |year=1973 |publisher=Bobbs Merrill |isbn=0672517256 |page=104}}</ref> he would ultimately film ''[[Broken Blossoms]]'' instead.
* Text from the ''Rubaiyat'' appeared in [[intertitle]]s of the lost film ''[[A Lover's Oath]]'' (1925)
* The lines "When Time lets slip a little perfect hour, O take it—for it will not come again." appear in the [[intertitle]]s of ''[[Torrent (1926 film)|Torrent]]'', the 1926 film starring Greta Garbo and Ricardo Cortez.
* Part of the quatrain beginning "The Moving Finger writes ... " was quoted in ''[[Algiers (1938 film)|Algiers]]'', the 1938 movie starring Charles Boyer and Hedy Lamarr.
* A canto was quoted and used as an underlying theme of the 1945 screen adaptation of ''[[The Picture of Dorian Gray]]'': "I sent my soul through the invisible, some letters of that after-life to spell, and by and by my soul did return, and answered, 'I myself am Heaven and Hell.'"
* The Rubaiyat was quoted in the 1946 [[King Vidor]] Western film ''[[Duel in the Sun (film)|Duel in the Sun]]'', which starred [[Gregory Peck]] and [[Jennifer Jones]]: "Oh threats of hell and hopes of paradise! One thing at least is certain: This life flies. One thing is certain and the rest is Lies; The Flower that once is blown for ever dies."
* The 1951 film ''[[Pandora and the Flying Dutchman]]'', starring [[James Mason]] and [[Ava Gardner]], opens with an illuminated manuscript of the quatrain beginning "The moving finger writes...".
* In the film ''[[The Music Man (1962 film)|The Music Man]]'' (based on the 1957 [[The Music Man|musical]]), town librarian Marian Paroo draws down the wrath of the mayor's wife for encouraging the woman's daughter to read a book of "dirty Persian poetry". Summarizing what she calls the "Ruby Hat of Omar Kayayayayay...I am ''appalled!!"'', the mayor's wife paraphrases FitzGerald's Quatrain XII from his 5th edition: "People lying out in the woods eating sandwiches, and drinking directly out of jugs with innocent young girls."
* The film ''[[Omar Khayyam (1957 film)|Omar Khayyam]]'', also known as ''The Loves of Omar Khayyam'', was released in 1957 by Paramount Pictures and includes excerpts from the Rubaiyat.
* In ''[[Back to the Future]]'' the character Lorraine Baines, played by [[Lea Thompson]], is holding a copy of the book in 1955 at the high school when her son Marty McFly is trying to introduce her to his father.
* The Rubaiyat was quoted in the film ''[[12 Monkeys (film)|12 Monkeys]]'' (1995) around 11 minutes in.
* In [[Adrian Lyne]]'s ''[[Unfaithful (2002 film)|Unfaithful]]'' a copy of the text in French is quoted in English: "Drink wine, this is life eternal //This, all that youth will give to you//It is the season for wine, roses//And drunken friends//Be happy for this moment//This moment is your life." The book is a gift given flirtatiously to [[Diane Lane]]'s character by [[Olivier Martinez]] who plays rare book dealer Paul Martel in the film.

===Music===
* The British composer [[Liza Lehmann]] set selections from FitzGerald's translation to music in the song cycle "In a Persian Garden" for four voices (soprano, alto, tenor, bass) and piano in 1896. 
* The British composer [[Granville Bantock]] produced a choral setting of FitzGerald's translation 1906–1909.
* The American composer [[Arthur Foote]] composed a five movement piano cycle, "Five Poems After Omar Khayyam", each piece inspired by a quatrain of Fitzgerald's translation. He later rewrote these pieces as an orchestral suite, "Four Character Pieces after the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám".
* Using FitzGerald's translation, the Armenian-American composer [[Alan Hovhaness]] set a dozen of the quatrains to music. This work, ''The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam'', Op. 308, calls for narrator, orchestra, and solo [[accordion]].
* The Rubaiyat have also influenced Arabic music. In 1950 the Egyptian singer [[Umm Kulthum]] recorded a song entitled "Rubaiyat Al-Khayyam".
* The [[Comedian Harmonists]] in "[[Wochenend und Sonnenschein]]".
* [[Woody Guthrie]] recorded an excerpt of the Rubaiyat set to music that was released on ''[[Hard Travelin' (The Asch Recordings Vol. 3)]]''.
* [[The Human Instinct]]'s album ''[[Pins In It]]'' (1971) opens with a track called "Pinzinet", the lyrics of which are based on the Rubaiyat.
* [[Elektra Records]] released a compilation album named ''[[Rubáiyát: Elektra's 40th Anniversary|Rubáiyát]]'' in 1990 to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Elektra Records record label.
* [[Coldcut]] produced an album with a song called "Rubaiyat" on their album ''Let us Play!'' (1997).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000003S7Z/ |title=Let Us Play |website=Amazon.com |year=1997 |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> 
* Jazz-soul harpist [[Dorothy Ashby]]'s 1970 album ''[[The Rubaiyat of Dorothy Ashby]]'' quotes from several of the poem's verses.
* The famed "skull and roses" poster for a [[Grateful Dead]] show at the Avalon Ballroom done by Alton Kelley and Stanley Mouse was adapted from Edmund J. Sullivan's illustrations for ''The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam''.<ref>[[Joel Selvin|Selvin, Joel]]. "[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/06/03/BAQS111UJ4.DTL Alton Kelley, psychedelic poster creator, dies]". ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''. 3 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-25.</ref>
* The work influenced the 2004 concept album ''The Rubaiyyat of Omar Khayyam'' by the Italian group {{Interlanguage link multi|Milagro acustico|it}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.valley-entertainment.com/the-rubaiyyat-of-omar-khayyam.html |title=The Rubaiyyat of Omar Khayyam |work=Valley Entertainment-Hearts of Space Records |access-date=23 June 2010}}</ref>
* The song "Beautiful Feeling" by Australian singer-songwriter [[Paul Kelly (Australian musician)|Paul Kelly]], on 2004 album ''[[Ways & Means (album)|Ways and Means]]'', includes the lyrics "A jug of wine, a loaf of bread and thee, lying on a blanket underneath that big old spreading tree." This song was used as the theme song in the 2004 Australian television drama, [[Fireflies (TV series)|Fireflies]].
* The 1953 Robert Wright-George Forrest musical [[Kismet (musical)|Kismet]], adapted from a play by Edward Knoblock, contains a non-singing character, Omar (it is implied that he is the poet himself), who recites some of the couplets in the FitzGerald translation.
* The record label Ruby Yacht gets its namesake, in part, from the Rubáiyát of Omar [[Milo (musician)|Khayyám.]]
*[[Milo (musician)|milo's]] album ''budding ornithologists are weary of tired analogies'' features a couple of references to the Rubaiyat.
* Adolphus Hailstork's a cappella choral work, "Seven Songs of the Rubaiyat" uses the Fitzgerald translation

===Television===
* In “[[The Excelsior Acquisition]]” episode of “[[The Big Bang Theory]]”, Sheldon Cooper quotes the Rubaiyat “The moving finger writes, and having writ, moves on” after expressing dismay towards Penny for causing him to have missed his opportunity to have gelato with Stan Lee. To which Penny replies, “Did he just somehow give me the finger?”
* In “[[Married With Children]]” Season 2, Episode 8 (Born to Walk), Al complains, "No juice, no license, no horse..." and then sarcastically announces, "And thou..." when Steve walks in the door. This is a parody of "a flask of wine, a book of verse, and thou" from Quatrain XI of the Rubaiyat, or XII in a later edition.
* In one 6-episode story arc of ''[[The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show]]'', Bullwinkle finds the "[[Ruby]] [[Yacht]] of Omar Khayyam" in the town of Frostbite Falls (on the shores of [[Veronica Lake]]).
* In the American television drama, ''[[Have Gun - Will Travel]]'', the sixth episode of the sixth season is titled "The Bird of Time". The last lines are the main character, Paladin, quoting from Quatrain VII, "The Bird of Time has but a little way To flutter—and the Bird is on the Wing."
* A copy of the ''Rubaiyat'' plays a role in an episode of the TV series ''[[New Amsterdam (2008 TV series)|New Amsterdam]]'' and is shown to be the inspiration for the name of one of the lead character's children, Omar York.
* In the Australian 2014 television drama, ''[[ANZAC Girls|Anzac Girls]]'', Lieutenant Harry Moffitt reads from the Rubaiyat to his sweetheart, nurse Sister [[Alice Ross-King]].
* In "The Moving Finger" episode of  'I Dream of Jeannie' Jeannie tries out to be a movie star and her screen test is her reciting the Rubaiyat

===Other media===
* In [[Cyberflix]]'s PC game ''[[Titanic: Adventure Out of Time]]'', the object is to save three important items, the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, one of [[Adolf Hitler]]'s paintings, and a notebook that proves German officials were attempting to gain geo-political advantage by instigating [[communist revolution]]. Finding the Rubaiyat will prevent [[World War I]], as the book is used to fund the [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand|assassination]] of [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand]]. Two passages from the book are also included in the game as clues to progress the narrative.
* Some versions of the computer game ''[[Colossal Cave Adventure]]'' feature a ruby-covered yacht called "Omar Khayyam" (a pun – the "ruby yacht" of Omar Khayyam).

===Other===
* In Australia, a copy of FitzGerald's translation and its closing words, ''Tamam Shud'' ("Ended") were major components of the mystery of the [[Somerton Man]].
* The [[Supreme Court of the Philippines]], through a unanimous opinion written in 2005 by [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|Associate Justice]] [[Leonardo Quisumbing]], quoted "The Moving Finger" when it ruled that the widow of defeated presidential candidate [[Fernando Poe Jr.]] could not substitute her late husband in his pending election protest against President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]], thus leading to the dismissal of the protest.
* There was a real jewel-encrusted copy of the book on the ''[[RMS Titanic|Titanic]]''. It had been crafted in 1911 by the firm of [[Sangorski & Sutcliffe]] in London. It was won at a [[Sotheby's]] auction in London on 29 March 1912 for £405 (a bit over $2,000 in 1912) to Gabriel Wells, an American, and was being shipped to New York. The book remains lost at the bottom of the Atlantic to this day.

===Anniversary events===
2009 marked the 150th anniversary of FitzGerald's translation, and the 200th anniversary of FitzGerald's birth. Events marking these anniversaries included:
* The Smithsonian's traveling exhibition ''Elihu Vedder's Drawings for the Rubaiyat'' at the [[Phoenix Art Museum]], 15 November 2008 – 8 February 2009
* The exhibition ''Edward FitzGerald & The Rubaiyat from the collection of Nicholas B. Scheetz'' at the [[Grolier Club]], 22 January – 13 March 2009.
* The exhibition ''Omar Khayyám. Een boek in de woestijn. 150 jaar in Engelse vertaling'' at the Museum Meermanno, [[The Hague]], 31 January – 5 April 2009
* The exhibition ''The Persian Sensation: The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam in the West'' at the [[Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center]] at [[The University of Texas at Austin]], 3 February – 2 August 2009
* An exhibition at the Cleveland Public Library Special Collections, opening 15 February 2009
* The joint conference, ''Omar Khayyam, Edward FitzGerald and The Rubaiyat'', held at Cambridge University and Leiden University, 6–10 July 2009
* The [[Folio Society]] published a limited edition (1,000 copies) of the Rubáiyát to mark the 150th anniversary.<ref>{{cite web |author=Edward FitzGerald |url=http://www.foliosociety.com/book/RKS/1rubaiyat |title=Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám &#124; Folio Illustrated Book |publisher=Foliosociety.com |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227082221/http://www.foliosociety.com/book/RKS/1rubaiyat |archive-date=27 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>