Editing Rotavirus (section)

== Immune responses ==
=== Specific responses ===
Rotaviruses elicit both B and T cell immune responses. Antibodies to the rotavirus VP4 and VP7 proteins neutralise viral infectivity ''in vitro'' and ''in vivo''.<ref name="pmid19252425">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ward R |title=Mechanisms of protection against rotavirus infection and disease |journal=The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal |volume=28 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=S57–S59 |year=2009 |pmid=19252425 |doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e3181967c16 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Specific antibodies of the classes IgM, IgA and IgG are produced, which have been shown to protect against rotavirus infection by the passive transfer of the antibodies in other animals.<ref name="pmid22880110">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vega CG, Bok M, Vlasova AN, Chattha KS, Fernández FM, Wigdorovitz A, Parreño VG, Saif LJ |title=IgY antibodies protect against human Rotavirus induced diarrhea in the neonatal gnotobiotic piglet disease model |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=e42788 |year=2012 |pmid=22880110 |pmc=3411843 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0042788 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...742788V |doi-access=free }}</ref> Maternal trans-placental IgG might play a role in the protection neonates from rotavirus infections, but on the other hand might reduce vaccine efficacy.<ref name="pmid27847365">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mwila K, Chilengi R, Simuyandi M, Permar SR, Becker-Dreps S |title=Contribution of Maternal Immunity to Decreased Rotavirus Vaccine Performance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries |journal=Clinical and Vaccine Immunology |volume=24 |issue=1 |year=2017 |pmid=27847365 |pmc=5216432 |doi=10.1128/CVI.00405-16 }}</ref>

=== Innate responses ===
Following infection by rotaviruses there is a rapid innate immune response involving types I and III [[interferon]]s and other [[cytokine]]s (particularly Th1 and Th2)<ref name="pmid28414969">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gandhi GR, Santos VS, Denadai M, da Silva Calisto VK, de Souza Siqueira Quintans J, de Oliveira e Silva AM, de Souza Araújo AA, Narain N, Cuevas LE, Júnior LJ, Gurgel RQ |s2cid=3568330 |title=Cytokines in the management of rotavirus infection: A systematic review of in vivo studies |journal=Cytokine |volume=96 |pages=152–160 |year=2017 |pmid=28414969 |doi=10.1016/j.cyto.2017.04.013 |url=http://archive.lstmed.ac.uk/7055/2/Cytokine_96_152-160_14.4.17%20Submitted.docx}}</ref> which inhibit the replication of the virus and recruit [[macrophage]]s and [[natural killer cell]]s to the rotavirus infected cells.<ref name="pmid23486667">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holloway G, Coulson BS |title=Innate cellular responses to rotavirus infection |journal=The Journal of General Virology |volume=94 |issue= 6 |pages=1151–1160 |year=2013 |pmid=23486667 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.051276-0 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The rotavirus dsRNA activates pattern recognition receptors such [[toll-like receptor]]s that stimulate the production of interferons.<ref name="pmid27994593" /> The rotavirus protein NSP1 counteracts the effects of type 1 interferons by suppressing the activity of the interferon regulatory proteins IRF3, IRF5 and IRF7.<ref name="pmid27994593">{{cite journal |vauthors=Villena J, Vizoso-Pinto MG, Kitazawa H |title=Intestinal Innate Antiviral Immunity and Immunobiotics: Beneficial Effects against Rotavirus Infection |journal=Frontiers in Immunology |volume=7 |pages=563 |year=2016 |pmid=27994593 |pmc=5136547 |doi=10.3389/fimmu.2016.00563 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Markers of protection ===
The levels of IgG and IgA in the blood and IgA in the gut correlate with protection from infection.<ref name="pmid7817873">{{cite journal |vauthors=Offit PA |title=Rotaviruses: immunological determinants of protection against infection and disease |journal=Advances in Virus Research |volume=44 |issue= |pages=161–202 |date=1994 |pmid=7817873 |pmc=7130874 |doi=10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60329-2 |isbn=978-0-12-039844-7 }}</ref> Rotavirus specific serum IgG and IgA at high [[titre]]s (e.g. >1:200) have been claimed to be protective and there is a significant correlation between IgA titres and rotavirus vaccine efficacy.<ref name="pmid23596320">{{cite journal |vauthors=Patel M, Glass RI, Jiang B, Santosham M, Lopman B, Parashar U |title=A systematic review of anti-rotavirus serum IgA antibody titer as a potential correlate of rotavirus vaccine efficacy |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=208 |issue=2 |pages=284–294 |year=2013 |pmid=23596320 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jit166 |doi-access=free }}</ref>