Editing Root (section)

== Shade avoidance response ==

In order to avoid shade, plants utilize a shade avoidance response. When a plant is under dense vegetation, the presence of other vegetation nearby will cause the plant to avoid lateral growth and experience an increase in upward shoot, as well as downward root growth. In order to escape shade, plants adjust their root architecture, most notably by decreasing the length and amount of lateral roots emerging from the primary root. Experimentation of mutant variants of ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]'' found that plants sense the Red to Far Red light ratio that enters the plant through photoreceptors known as [[phytochrome]]s.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal | vauthors = Salisbury FJ, Hall A, Grierson CS, Halliday KJ | title = Phytochrome coordinates Arabidopsis shoot and root development | journal = The Plant Journal | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 429–38 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17419844 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03059.x | doi-access = free }}</ref> Nearby plant leaves will absorb red light and reflect far-red light, which will cause the ratio red to far red light to lower. The phytochrome PhyA that senses this Red to Far Red light ratio is localized in both the root system as well as the shoot system of plants, but through knockout mutant experimentation, it was found that root localized PhyA does not sense the light ratio, whether directly or axially, that leads to changes in the lateral root architecture.<ref name=":02" /> Research instead found that shoot localized PhyA is the phytochrome responsible for causing these architectural changes of the lateral root. Research has also found that phytochrome completes these architectural changes through the manipulation of auxin distribution in the root of the plant.<ref name=":02" /> When a low enough Red to Far Red ratio is sensed by PhyA, the phyA in the shoot will be mostly in its active form.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = van Gelderen K, Kang C, Paalman R, Keuskamp D, Hayes S, Pierik R | title = Far-Red Light Detection in the Shoot Regulates Lateral Root Development through the HY5 Transcription Factor | journal = The Plant Cell | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 101–116 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29321188 | pmc = 5810572 | doi = 10.1105/tpc.17.00771 | bibcode = 2018PlanC..30..101V }}</ref> In this form, PhyA stabilize the [[transcription factor]] HY5 causing it to no longer be degraded as it is when phyA is in its inactive form. This stabilized transcription factor is then able to be transported to the roots of the plant through the [[phloem]], where it proceeds to induce its own transcription as a way to amplify its signal. In the roots of the plant HY5 functions to inhibit an auxin response factor known as ARF19, a response factor responsible for the translation of PIN3 and LAX3, two well known auxin transporting [[protein]]s.<ref name=":1" /> Thus, through manipulation of ARF19, the level and activity of [[auxin]] transporters PIN3 and LAX3 is inhibited.<ref name=":1" /> Once inhibited, auxin levels will be low in areas where lateral root emergence normally occurs, resulting in a failure for the plant to have the emergence of the lateral root primordium through the root [[pericycle]]. With this complex manipulation of Auxin transport in the roots, lateral root emergence will be inhibited in the roots and the root will instead elongate downwards, promoting vertical plant growth in an attempt to avoid shade.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" />

Research of Arabidopsis has led to the discovery of how this auxin mediated root response works. In an attempt to discover the role that [[phytochrome]] plays in lateral root development, Salisbury et al. (2007) worked with ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' grown on agar plates. Salisbury et al. used wild type plants along with varying protein knockout and gene knockout Arabidopsis mutants to observe the results these mutations had on the root architecture, protein presence, and gene expression. To do this, Salisbury et al. used GFP fluorescence along with other forms of both macro and microscopic imagery to observe any changes various mutations caused. From these research, Salisbury et al. were able to theorize that shoot located phytochromes alter auxin levels in roots, controlling lateral root development and overall root architecture.<ref name=":02" /> In the experiments of van Gelderen et al. (2018), they wanted to see if and how it is that the shoot of ''A.&nbsp;thaliana'' alters and affects root development and root architecture. To do this, they took ''Arabidopsis'' plants, grew them in [[Agar|agar gel]], and exposed the roots and shoots to separate sources of light. From here, they altered the different wavelengths of light the shoot and root of the plants were receiving and recorded the lateral root density, amount of lateral roots, and the general architecture of the lateral roots. To identify the function of specific photoreceptors, proteins, genes, and hormones, they utilized various ''Arabidopsis'' knockout mutants and observed the resulting changes in lateral roots architecture. Through their observations and various experiments, van Gelderen et al. were able to develop a mechanism for how root detection of Red to Far-red light ratios alter lateral root development.<ref name=":1" />