Editing Rio de Janeiro (section)

==Demographics==
{{Main|Brazilians|Cariocas|Demographics of Rio de Janeiro|Demographics of Brazil|Immigration to Brazil}}
{{Historical populations|1872|274972|1890|522651|1900|811443|1920|1157873|1940|1764141|1950|2377451|1960|3281908|1970|4251918|1980|5090700|1991|5336179|2000|5851914|2010|6320446|2022|6211223|align=right|footnote=<ref>{{Cite web |title=População nos Censos Demográficos, segundo os municípios das capitais - 1872/2010 |url=https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/sinopse/index.php?dados=6&uf=00 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=[[IBGE]] |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026110118/https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/sinopse/index.php?dados=6&uf=00 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
According to the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|2010 IBGE Census]], there were 5,940,224 people residing in the city of Rio de Janeiro.<ref>[http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/dados_divulgados/index.php?uf=33 2010 IGBE Census] {{in lang|pt}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145821/http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/dados_divulgados/index.php?uf=33 |date=14 May 2012 }}</ref> Since 1960, when it was surpassed by [[São Paulo]], the city of Rio de Janeiro has been the second-most populous city in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A metrópole improvável: por que São Paulo virou a maior cidade do Brasil |url=https://exame.com/economia/a-metropole-improvavel-por-que-sao-paulo-virou-a-maior-cidade-do-brasil/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Exame |language=pt-br}}</ref>

=== Ethnic groups ===

The [[2022 Brazilian census|2022 census]] revealed the following numbers: [[White Brazilian]] (45.4% or 2,821,619); [[Pardo Brazilian|Mixed]] (38.7% or 2,403,895); [[Afro-Brazilian|Black]] (15.6% or 968,428); [[Asian Brazilian|Asian]] (10,514 or 0.2%); [[Native Brazilian|Indigenous]] (6,531 or 0.1%).<ref>{{cite web |title=Censo 2022 - Panorama |url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628195406/https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The population of Rio de Janeiro was 53.2% [[female]] and 46.8% [[male]].<ref name="autogenerated3">[http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/painel/?nivel=mn 2010 IGBE Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145708/http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/painel/?nivel=mn|date=14 May 2012}} {{in lang|pt}}</ref>

The [[Afro-Brazilian|black community]] was formed by residents whose ancestors had been brought as slaves, mostly from [[Angola]] and [[Mozambique]], as well by people of Angolan, Mozambican and [[West African]] descent who moved to Rio from other parts of Brazil. Nearly half of the city's population is by phenotype mixed or black.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brasil 500 anos |url=http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/negros/origem.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518220742/http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/negros/origem.html |archive-date=18 May 2008 |access-date=6 May 2009 |publisher=.ibge.gov.br}}</ref> [[White Brazilian|White]] in Brazil is defined more by having a European-looking phenotype rather than ancestry, and two full [[sibling]]s can be of different "racial" categories<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parra |first1=FC |last2=Amado |first2=RC |last3=Lambertucci |first3=JR |last4=Rocha |first4=J |last5=Antunes |first5=CM |last6=Pena |first6=SD |date=January 2003 |title=Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=177–82 |bibcode=2003PNAS..100..177P |doi=10.1073/pnas.0126614100 |pmc=140919 |pmid=12509516|doi-access=free}}</ref> in a [[Human skin color|skin color]] and [[phenotype]] continuum from ''pálido'' (''branco'') or fair-skinned, through ''branco [[wikt:moreno|moreno]]'' or swarthy Caucasian, ''mestiço claro'' or lighter skinned multiracial, ''pardo'' (mixed race) to ''negro'' or [[Black people|black]]. [[Pardo]], for example, in popular usage includes those who are ''[[caboclo]]s'' ([[mestizo]]s), ''mulatos'' ([[mulattoes]]), ''[[cafuzo]]s'' ([[zambo]]s), ''juçaras'' (archaic term for [[multiracial#Brazil|tri-racials]]) and westernized [[Indigenous peoples of Brazil|Amerindians]] (which are called ''caboclos'' as well), being more of a skin color rather than a racial group in particular.

===Immigration and migration===
{{Main|Immigration to Brazil}}
{{bar box
 |title = Race and ethnicity in Rio de Janeiro
|width = 287px
 |titlebar = #ddd
|left1 = Ethnicity
|right1 = Percentage
|float = left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[White Brazilians|White]]|blue|45.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Pardo]] ([[Multiracial#Brazil|Multiracial]])|#009000|38.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Afro-Brazilians|Black]]|#9955BB|15.6}}
{{bar percent|[[Asian Brazilian|Asian]]|black|0.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindian]]|yellow|0.1}}
}}

Different ethnic groups contributed to the formation of the population of Rio de Janeiro. Before European colonization, there were at least seven different [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|indigenous peoples]] speaking 20 languages in the region. A part of them joined the Portuguese and the other the French. Those who joined the [[French Brazilian|French]] were then exterminated by the Portuguese, while the other part was assimilated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tem índio no Rio |url=http://paginas.terra.com.br/educacao/Ludimila/indiosrj.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813071626/http://paginas.terra.com.br/educacao/Ludimila/indiosrj.htm |archive-date=13 August 2007 |access-date=6 May 2009 |publisher=Paginas.terra.com.br}}</ref>

Rio de Janeiro is home to the largest [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]] population outside of [[Lisbon]] in Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portuguese descent in the city of Rio de janeiro and Brazil |url=http://www.presidencia.pt/brasil2008/?idc=166&idi=13879 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511143624/http://www.presidencia.pt/brasil2008/?idc=166&idi=13879 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Presidencia.pt}}</ref> After independence from Portugal, Rio de Janeiro became a destination for hundreds of thousands of immigrants from Portugal, mainly in the early 20th century. The immigrants were mostly poor peasants who subsequently found prosperity in Rio as city workers and small traders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brasil 500 anos |url=http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523211354/http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses.html |archive-date=23 May 2008 |access-date=6 May 2009 |publisher=.ibge.gov.br}}</ref>

[[File:Afot3602.jpg|thumb|upright|Portuguese immigrant in Rio de Janeiro, considered the largest "[[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]] city" outside Portugal<ref name="auto1">[http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses.html Venâncio, R.P., "Presença portuguesa: de colonizadores a imigrantes", in ''Brasil 500 anos'', 2000, Rio de Janeiro, IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523211354/http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses.html |date=23 May 2008 }}, from the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]].</ref>]]
The Portuguese cultural influence is still seen in many parts of the city (and many other parts of the state of Rio de Janeiro), including architecture and [[Portuguese language|language]]. Most Brazilians with some cultural contact with Rio know how to easily differentiate between the local dialect, ''Carioca '', and other Brazilian dialects. People of [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]] ancestry predominate in most of the state. The Brazilian census of 1920 showed that 39.7% of the Portuguese who lived in Brazil lived in Rio de Janeiro. Including all of the Rio de Janeiro, the proportion raised to 46.3% of the Portuguese who lived in Brazil. The numerical presence of the Portuguese was extremely high, accounting for 72% of the foreigners who lived in the capital. Portuguese born people accounted for 20.4% of the population of Rio, and those with a Portuguese father or a Portuguese mother accounted for 30.8%. In other words, native born Portuguese and their children accounted for 51.2% of the inhabitants of Rio, or a total of 267,664 people in 1890.<ref>{{Google books |id=QPDe42CBSeMC |page=107 |title=Os lusíadas na aventura do Rio moderno }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Rio de Janeiro city (1890)
|-
! Group !! Population !! Percentage<ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=ObM0dMga1cMC |page=11}} |title=Rio de Janeiro, uma cidade&nbsp;... |access-date=15 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
|Portuguese immigrants ||106,461 ||20.4%
|-
|Brazilians with at least one Portuguese parent ||161,203 ||30.8%
|-
|Portuguese immigrants and their descendants ||267,664 ||51.2%
|}

As a result of the influx of immigrants to Brazil from the late 19th to the early 20th century, also found in Rio de Janeiro and [[Greater Rio de Janeiro|its metropolitan area]] are communities of [[Arab Brazilian|Levantine Arabs]] who are mostly [[Arab Christians|Christian]] or [[Irreligion in Brazil|Irreligious]], [[Spanish immigration to Brazil|Spaniards]], [[Italian Brazilian|Italians]], [[German Brazilian|Germans]], [[Japanese Brazilians|Japanese]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencia Brasil |date=11 March 2011 |title=Consulado do Japão no Rio disponibiliza telefone para prestar informações sobre o país {{pipe}} Agencia Brasil |url=http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/noticia/2011-03-11/consulado-do-japao-no-rio-disponibiliza-telefone-para-prestar-informacoes-sobre-pais |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509220521/http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/noticia/2011-03-11/consulado-do-japao-no-rio-disponibiliza-telefone-para-prestar-informacoes-sobre-pais |archive-date=9 May 2012 |access-date=15 September 2011 |publisher=Agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br}}</ref> 
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
! style="background:#f99;" colspan="5"|Genomic ancestry of non-related individuals in Rio de Janeiro<ref name="laboratoriogene.info">{{Cite journal |title=Self-reported skin color, genomic ancestry and the distribution of GST polymorphisms |author1=Guilherme Suarez-Kurtz |author2=Daniela D. Vargens |author3=Claudio J. Struchiner |author4=Luciana Bastos-Rodrigues |author5=Sergio D.J. Pena |date=2007 |journal=Pharmacogenetics and Genomics |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=765–771 |doi=10.1097/FPC.0b013e3281c10e52 |pmid=17700365 |s2cid=23257335 |url=http://laboratoriogene.info/Ciencia_Hoje/Pharmacogenetics2007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224103909/http://laboratoriogene.info/Ciencia_Hoje/Pharmacogenetics2007.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2015 |access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
|Race or skin color||Number of individuals||Amerindian||African||European
|-
|White||107||6.7%||6.9%||86.4%
|-
|''Pardo'' (Mixed race)||119||8.3%||23.6%||68.1%
|-
|Black||109||7.3%||50.9%||41.8%
|}

According to an autosomal DNA study from 2009, conducted on a school in the poor suburb of Rio de Janeiro, the "pardos" there were found to be on average about 80% European, and the "whites" (who thought of themselves as "very mixed") were found to carry very little Amerindian and/or African admixtures. The results of the tests of genomic ancestry are quite different from the self made estimates of European ancestry. In general, the test results showed that European ancestry is far more important than the students thought it would be. The "pardos" for example thought of themselves as {{frac|1|3}} European, {{frac|1|3}} African and {{frac|1|3}} Amerindian before the tests, and yet their ancestry on average reached 80% European.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Negros e pardos do Rio têm mais genes europeus do que imaginam, segundo estudo |url=http://www.meionews.com.br/index.php/noticias/21-estado-do-rio/4607-negros-e-pardos-do-rio-tem-mais-genes-europeus-do-que-imaginam-segundo-estudo.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706153557/http://www.meionews.com.br/index.php/noticias/21-estado-do-rio/4607-negros-e-pardos-do-rio-tem-mais-genes-europeus-do-que-imaginam-segundo-estudo.html |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=15 September 2011 |publisher=Meionews.com.br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ensp.fiocruz.br/informe/anexos/ric.pdf |url=http://www4.ensp.fiocruz.br/informe/anexos/ric.pdf |access-date=23 August 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Other studies showed similar results<ref name="laboratoriogene.info" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Durso |first1=DF |last2=Bydlowski |first2=SP |last3=Hutz |first3=MH |last4=Suarez-Kurtz |first4=G |last5=Magalhães |first5=TR |last6=Pena |first6=SD |year=2014 |title=Association of genetic variants with self-assessed color categories in Brazilians |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=e83926 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...983926D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0083926 |pmc=3885524 |pmid=24416183|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{see also|Religion in Brazil|Protestantism in Brazil|Roman Catholic Church in Brazil}}
{{bar box
|float=left
 |title=Religion in Rio de Janeiro <small>(2010 Census)</small><ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=2010 Population Census – Rio de Janeiro |publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]] |year=2010 |language=pt |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/rj/rio-de-janeiro/pesquisa/23/22107?detalhes=true |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083410/https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/rj/rio-de-janeiro/pesquisa/23/22107?detalhes=true |url-status=live }}</ref>
|width=285px
 |titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism]]|blue|51.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|lightblue|23.4}}
{{bar percent|Other Christian|skyblue|2.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|gray|13.6}}
{{bar percent|[[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritism]]|yellow|5.9}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|3.6}}
}}
Religion in Rio de Janeiro is diverse, with [[Catholic Christianity]] being the majority religion. According to data from the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]] (IBGE), in 2010 the population of Rio de Janeiro had 3,229,192 [[Catholic Church in Brazil|Roman Catholics]] (51.1%), 1,477,021 [[Protestantism in Brazil|Protestants]] (23.4%), 372.851 [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritists]] (5.9%), 37,974 [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (0.6%), 75,075 [[Buddhism in Brazil|Buddhists]] (0.2%), 52,213 [[Umbanda]] (0.8%), 21,800 [[Judaism|Jews]] (0.3%), 25,743 [[Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church]] (0.4%), 16,776 new eastern religious (0.2%), 28,843 [[Candomblé]] (0.4%), 3,853 [[Mormon]]s (<0.1%), 5,751 [[Eastern Orthodox]] Christians (<0.1%), 7,394 spiritualists (0.1%), 964 [[Islam in Brazil|Muslims]] (<0.1%), 5,662 esoteric (<0.1%) and 802 [[Hindu]]s (<0.1%). 858,704 had no religion (13.5%), and 113,530 followed other forms of Christianity (1.8%).<ref name="Religion"/>

[[File:Aerial_view_of_the_Statue_of_Christ_the_Redeemer.jpg|upright|thumb|''[[Christ the Redeemer (statue)|Christ the Redeemer]]'']]
Rio de Janeiro has had a rich and influential Catholic tradition. The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro]] is the second largest archdiocese in Brazil after [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Paulo|São Paulo]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]] |title=Brazil – Statistics by Diocese by Catholic Population |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/scbr1.html |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301044718/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/scbr1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Rio de Janeiro Cathedral]] was inaugurated in 1979, in the central region of the city. Its installations have a collection of great historical and religious value: the Archdiocesan Museum of Sacred Art and the Archdiocesan Archive.<ref name="Religion2">{{Cite web |language=Portuguese |title=Catedral Metropolitana de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro |url=https://catedral.com.br/historia/ |quote=A história da Catedral, desde a pedra fundamental, até os dias de hoje |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=19 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619001533/https://catedral.com.br/historia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a [[Contemporary architecture]], it has a conical shape, with 96 meters of internal diameter and capacity to receive up to 20 thousand faithful. The splendor of the building, with straight and sober lines, is due to the changing stained glass windows carved on the walls up to the dome. Its design and execution was coordinated by [[Monsignor]] Ivo Antônio Calliari (1918–2005).<ref name="Religion2"/> [[Saint Sebastian]] is recognized as the city's [[patron saint]], which is why it received the canonical name of "Saint Sebastian of Rio de Janeiro."<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[G1 (website)|G1]] |year=2012 |title=Fiéis participam de procissão em homenagem ao padroeiro do Rio |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2012/01/fieis-participam-de-procissao-em-homenagem-ao-padroeiro-do-rio.html |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319203734/https://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2012/01/fieis-participam-de-procissao-em-homenagem-ao-padroeiro-do-rio.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many [[Protestant]] creeds coexist in the city, [[Presbyterian]], [[Congregational Churches|Congregational]], [[Lutheran]] and [[Anglican]] Churches. In addition to evangelical churches such as the [[Baptist]], [[Methodist]], [[Seventh-day Adventist]] and [[Pentecostal]] churches, such as the [[Universal Church of the Kingdom of God]], [[Assembly of God]], [[Christian Congregation in Brazil]] and [[The Foursquare Church]].<ref name="Religion"/>

Afro-Brazilian religions such as [[Umbanda]] and [[Candomblé]] find support in various social segments, although professed by less than 2% of the population, many Cariocas simultaneously observe those practices with Roman Catholicism.<ref name="Religion"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro – People |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rio-de-Janeiro-Brazil/People |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026192305/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rio-de-Janeiro-Brazil/People |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Christianity ====
[[File:2018_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_Igreja_Presbiteriana.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Presbyterian Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro]]]]

The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro]], the Metropolitan See of its respective [[Ecclesiastical Province]], belongs to the Regional Episcopal Council Leste I of the [[National Conference of Bishops of Brazil]] (CNBB) (headquartered in Rio until 1977). Founded in 1676, it covers a territory of 1,721 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arquidiocese.org.br/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?sid=8 |title=Paróquias do Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Arquidiocese de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009071305/http://www.arquidiocese.org.br/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?sid=8 |archive-date=2010-10-09}}</ref>

The ''[[Cathedral of St. Sebastian of Rio de Janeiro|Cathedral of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro]]'', or ''Metropolitan Cathedral'', was inaugurated in 1979 in the [[Central Region (Rio de Janeiro)|central region]] of the city. Its facilities house a collection of great historical and religious value: the Archdiocesan Museum of Sacred Art and the Archdiocesan Archive. The Banco da Providência and the Archdiocesan [[Caritas Brazil|Caritas]] are also based there. In a contemporary architectural style, it has a conical shape, with an internal diameter of 96 meters and a capacity to hold up to 20,000 worshippers. The splendor of the building, with its straight and sober lines, is due to the changing [[stained glass windows]] carved into the walls up to the [[dome]]. Its design and execution were coordinated by [[Monsignor]] [[Ivo Antônio Calliari]] (1918–2005).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catedral.com.br/ |title=Catedral Metropolitana de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Catedral de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro}}</ref> [[Sebastian of Narbonne|Saint Sebastian]] is recognized as the [[patron saint]] of the city, which is why it received the canonical name "São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2012/01/fieis-participam-de-procissao-em-homenagem-ao-padroeiro-do-rio.html |title=Fiéis participam de procissão em homenagem ao padroeiro do Rio |editor=G1 |date=January 20, 2012 }}</ref>

The city is home to various [[Protestantism|Protestant]] or reformed denominations, exemplified by the [[Presbyterian Church of Brazil|Presbyterian]], [[Congregational church|Congregational]], [[Lutheran]] and [[Anglican]] churches. There are also evangelical churches such as the [[Baptist]], [[Methodist]], [[Seventh-day Adventist]] churches, and those of [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] origin: [[Universal Church of the Kingdom of God]], [[Assemblies of God|Assembly of God]], [[Christian Congregation in Brazil]], [[Foursquare Church|Foursquare Gospel]], [[Tabernacle Evangelical Church of Jesus|House of Blessing]], [[God is Love Pentecostal Church]], [[Maranatha Christian Church|Christian Maranatha]], and New Life.<ref name=sidra1>{{cite web |url=http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=cd&o=7&i=P&c=2094 |title=Tabela 2094 - População residente por cor ou raça e religião |publisher=Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática (SIDRA) |year=2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614232328/http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=cd&o=7&i=P&c=2094 |archive-date=2011-06-14}}</ref>

===Education===
{{Main|List of Rio de Janeiro schools, colleges, universities and research centers}}
[[File:Centro_ciências_humanas.JPG|thumb|Center for [[Human science|Human Science]] of the [[Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro]]]]

The [[Portuguese language]] is the official and [[national language]], and thus the primary language taught in schools. [[English language|English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] are also part of the official curriculum. There are also international schools, such as the [[American School of Rio de Janeiro]], Our Lady of Mercy School, SIS Swiss International School, the Corcovado German School, the Lycée Français and the British School of Rio de Janeiro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Schools in Rio de Janeiro |url=https://www.international-schools-database.com/in/rio-de-janeiro |access-date=22 September 2020 |website=International Schools Database |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621123822/https://www.international-schools-database.com/in/rio-de-janeiro |url-status=live }}</ref>

The city has several universities and research institutes. The [[Ministry of Education (Brazil)|Ministry of Education]] has certified approximately 99 upper-learning institutions in Rio.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=MEC – Ministério da Educação |title=e-MEC |url=http://emec.mec.gov.br/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511050432/http://emec.mec.gov.br/ |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> The most prestigious university is the [[Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]]. It is the fifth-best in Latin America; the second-best in Brazil, second only to the [[University of São Paulo]]; and the best in [[Latin America]], according to the [[QS World University Rankings]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pati |first=Camila |date=2015-07-17 |title=As 18 melhores universidades do Brasil em 2015 |website=EXAME.com |url=http://exame.abril.com.br/carreira/noticias/as-18-melhores-universidades-do-brasil-em-2015#3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016031424/http://exame.abril.com.br/carreira/noticias/as-18-melhores-universidades-do-brasil-em-2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2015 |title=QS University Rankings: Latin America 2015 |website=topuniversities.com |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latam-university-rankings/2015#sorting=rank%20region=%20country=%20faculty=%20stars=false%20search= |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-date=22 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122204927/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latam-university-rankings/2015#sorting=rank%20region=%20country=%20faculty=%20stars=false%20search= |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some notable higher education institutions are [[Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]] (UFRJ); [[Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro|Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro]] (UNIRIO); [[Rio de Janeiro State University]] (UERJ); [[Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro|Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro]] (UFRRJ, often nicknamed ''Rural''); [[Fluminense Federal University]] (UFF); [[Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro]] (PUC-Rio); [[Fundação Getúlio Vargas|Getúlio Vargas Foundation]] (FGV); [[Instituto Militar de Engenharia|Military Institute of Engineering]] (IME); [[Instituto Superior de Tecnologia em Ciências da Computação do Rio de Janeiro|Superior Institute of Technology in Computer Science of Rio de Janeiro]] (IST-Rio); College of Publicity and Marketing (ESPM); [[Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas|The Brazilian Center for Research in Physics]] (CBPF); [[Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada|National Institute of Pure and Applied Mathematics]] (IMPA); Superior institute of Education of Rio de Janeiro (ISERJ) and [[Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca|Federal Center of Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca]] (CEFET/RJ). There are more than 137 upper-learning institutions in whole Rio de Janeiro state.<ref>{{Cite web |trans-title=Colleges recognized by MEC, Vestibular, Handouts, University, Profession, Professor |title=Faculdades reconhecidas pelo MEC, Vestibular, Apostilas, Universitário, Profissão, Professor |language=pt |url=http://www.seruniversitario.com.br/ |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=Ser Universitário |archive-date=13 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613055510/http://www.seruniversitario.com.br/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Patioiserj.jpg|thumb|Superior institute of Education of Rio de Janeiro (ISERJ)]]

The [[Rio de Janeiro State University]] (public), [[Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]] (public), Brazilian Institute of Capital Markets (private) and [[Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro]] (private) are among the country's top institutions of higher education. Other institutes of higher learning include the Colégio Regina Coeli in Usina, notable for having its own {{RailGauge|3ft|lk=on}} [[Narrow-gauge railway|narrow-gauge]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2017 |title=Trams of the World 2017 |url=http://blickpunktstrab.net/wordpress2/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/tramsderwelt2017.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216202427/http://blickpunktstrab.net/wordpress2/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/tramsderwelt2017.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2017 |access-date=16 February 2017 |publisher=Blickpunkt Straßenbahn}}</ref> [[funicular]] railway on its grounds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brasilien |url=http://www.ferrolatino.ch/en/reports/brazil/ |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025053548/http://www.ferrolatino.ch/en/reports/brazil/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Primary schools are largely under municipal administration, while the state plays a more significant role in the extensive network of secondary schools. There are also a small number of schools under federal administration, as is the case of Pedro II School, Colégio de Aplicação da UFRJ and the Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica of Rio de Janeiro (CEFET-RJ). In addition, Rio has an ample offering of private schools that provide education at all levels. Rio is home to many colleges and universities. The literacy rate for [[carioca]]s aged 10 and older is nearly 95 percent, well above the national average.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education in Rio |url=http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-229648/Rio-de-Janeiro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717214855/http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-229648/Rio-de-Janeiro |archive-date=17 July 2012 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Student.britannica.com}}</ref> In Rio, there were 1,033 primary schools with 25,594 teachers and 667,788 students in 1995. There are 370 secondary schools with 9,699 teachers and 227,892 students. There are 53 University-preparatory schools with 14,864 teachers and 154,447 students. The city has six major universities and 47 private schools of higher learning.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.altillo.com/pt/universidades/brasil/estado/riodejaneiro.asp |title=Education institutions in Rio de Janeiro |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122004358/http://www.altillo.com/pt/universidades/brasil/estado/riodejaneiro.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Social issues===
{{Main|Social issues in Brazil|Social apartheid in Brazil|Favela}}
[[File:1_rocinha_aerial_pano_2014.jpg|thumb|[[Rocinha]], the largest [[slum]] (''[[favela]]'') in Brazil]]

There are significant disparities between the rich and the poor in Rio de Janeiro, and different socioeconomic groups are largely segregated into different neighborhoods.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2004 |title=Iko Poran |url=http://www.ikoporan.org/1_1_contexto_rio_eng.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040105122004/http://www.ikoporan.org/1_1_contexto_rio_eng.asp |archive-date=5 January 2004 |access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> Although the city clearly ranks among the world's major metropolises, large numbers live in slums known as [[favela]]s, where 95% of the population are poor, compared to 40% in the general population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2010 |title=FGV: desigualdade entre favela e asfalto cai no Rio |url=http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMI167577-15223,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009065937/http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0%2C%2CEMI167577-15223%2C00.html |archive-date=9 October 2010 |access-date=16 October 2010 |publisher=Revistaepoca.globo.com}}</ref>

There have been a number of government initiatives to counter this problem, from the removal of the population from favelas to [[Public housing|housing projects]] such as [[Cidade de Deus (Rio de Janeiro)|Cidade de Deus]] to the more recent approach of improving conditions in the favelas and bringing them up to par with the rest of the city, as was the focus of the "Favela Bairro" program and deployment of [[Pacifying Police Unit]]s.

Rio has more people living in slums than any other city in Brazil, according to the 2010 Census.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2011 |title=Rio é a cidade com maior população em favelas do Brasil |language=pt-BR |work=O Globo |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/rio-a-cidade-com-maior-populacao-em-favelas-do-brasil-3489272 |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804174103/https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/rio-a-cidade-com-maior-populacao-em-favelas-do-brasil-3489272 |url-status=dead }}</ref> More than 1,500,000 people live in its 763 favelas, 22% of Rio's total population. [[São Paulo]], the largest city in Brazil, has more favelas (1,020), but proportionally has fewer people living in favelas than Rio.

Rio also has a large proportion of state-sanctioned violence, with about 20% of all killings committed by state security.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kleinfeld |first1=Rachel |last2=Barham |first2=Elena |year=2018 |title=Complicit States and the Governing Strategy of Privilege Violence: When Weakness is Not the Problem |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=21 |pages=215–238 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-041916-015628 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2019, police killed an average of five people each day in the state of Rio de Janeiro, with a total of 1,810 killed in the year. This was more police killings than any year since official records started in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2020 |title=Rio violence: Police killings reach record high in 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-51220364 |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=BBC |archive-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723094751/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-51220364 |url-status=live }}</ref>