Editing Ricin (section)

=== Sources ===
The seeds of ''Ricinus communis'' are commonly crushed to extract [[castor oil]].  As ricin is not oil-soluble, little is found in the extracted castor oil.<ref name="Harkup-2015" /> The extracted oil is also heated to more than {{convert|80|C|F}} to [[Denaturation (biochemistry)|denature]] any ricin that may be present.<ref name="Harkup-2015" /> The remaining spent crushed seeds, called variously the "cake", "[[oil cake]]", and "press cake", can contain up to 5% ricin.<ref name="Levy-2011">{{Cite book|title = Poison: An Illustrated History| vauthors = Levy J |publisher = Lyons Press|year = 2011|isbn = 978-0-7627-7056-4|location = Guilford, Connecticut|page = 133}}</ref> While the oil cake from coconut, peanuts, and sometimes cotton seeds can be used as cattle feed or fertilizer, the toxic nature of castor beans precludes their oil cake from being used as feed unless the ricin is first deactivated by [[autoclave|autoclaving]].<ref name="urloil cake (chemistry) -- Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/426145/oil-cake | title = Oil cake (chemistry) | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Accidental ingestion of ''Ricinus communis'' cake intended for fertilizer has been reported to be responsible for fatal ricin poisoning in animals.<ref name="Ujváry_2010" /><ref name="pmid12046967">{{cite journal | vauthors = Soto-Blanco B, Sinhorini IL, Gorniak SL, Schumaher-Henrique B | title = Ricinus communis cake poisoning in a dog | journal = Veterinary and Human Toxicology | volume = 44 | issue = 3 | pages = 155–156 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12046967 }}</ref>

Deaths from ingesting castor plant seeds are rare, partly because of their indigestible [[Seed#Seed coat|seed coat]], and because some of the ricin is deactivated in the stomach.<ref name=aplin>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aplin PJ, Eliseo T | title = Ingestion of castor oil plant seeds | journal = The Medical Journal of Australia | volume = 167 | issue = 5 | pages = 260–261 | date = September 1997 | pmid = 9315014 | doi = 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb125050.x | s2cid = 42009654 }}</ref> The pulp from eight beans is considered dangerous to an adult.<ref name="pmid3964368">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wedin GP, Neal JS, Everson GW, Krenzelok EP | title = Castor bean poisoning | journal = The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 259–261 | date = May 1986 | pmid = 3964368 | doi = 10.1016/0735-6757(86)90080-X }}</ref> Rauber and Heard have written that close examination of early 20th century [[case report]]s indicates that public and professional perceptions of ricin toxicity "do not accurately reflect the capabilities of modern medical management".<ref name="pmid4082461">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rauber A, Heard J | title = Castor bean toxicity re-examined: a new perspective | journal = Veterinary and Human Toxicology | volume = 27 | issue = 6 | pages = 498–502 | date = December 1985 | pmid = 4082461 }}</ref>

Most acute poisoning episodes in humans are the result of oral ingestion of castor beans, 5–20 of which could prove fatal to an adult. Swallowing castor beans rarely proves to be fatal unless the bean is thoroughly chewed. The survival rate of castor bean ingestion is 98%.<ref name="Harkup-2015" /> In 2013 a 37-year-old woman in the United States survived after ingesting 30 beans.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/56953989-78/amp-woman-north-ricin.html.csp |title=Survived after ingesting 30 castor beans |access-date=3 August 2014 |newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune | date=3 October 2013}}</ref> In another case, a man ingested 200 castor beans mixed with juice in a blender and survived.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Benamor M, Gharbi E, Bouzid S, Chakroun-Walha O, Rekik N | title = Ricin poisoning after oral ingestion of castor beans: A case report and literature review | journal = African Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 274–276 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33299763 | pmc = 7700980 | doi = 10.1016/j.afjem.2020.06.002 }}</ref>   Victims often manifest [[nausea]], [[diarrhea]], [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], and [[seizure]]s persisting for up to a week.<ref name="Ujváry_2010"/> Blood, plasma, or urine ricin or [[ricinine]] concentrations may be measured to confirm diagnosis. The laboratory testing usually involves immunoassay or [[Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry|liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry]].<ref name="isbn0-9626523-7-7">{{cite book | vauthors = Baselt RC | title = Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man | publisher = Biomedical Publications | location = Seal Beach, California | year = 2011 | pages = 1497–1499| isbn = 978-0-9626523-8-7 | edition = Ninth }}</ref>