Editing Richmond, Virginia (section)

===Climate===
[[File:Richmond After the Flood (7790622530).jpg|thumb|Flooding of Old Manchester during [[Hurricane Agnes]], 1972]]
Richmond has a [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa'') or [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] ([[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha]]: ''Doak'') climate, with hot, humid summers and moderately cold winters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virginiaplaces.org/climate/ |title=Climate of Virginia |work=Virginiaplaces.org |access-date=September 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030170031/http://www.virginiaplaces.org/climate/ |archive-date=October 30, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/3/ad652e/ad652e07.htm |title=Global Ecological Zoning for the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 |publisher=Fao.org |access-date=September 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330221222/http://www.fao.org/3/ad652e/ad652e07.htm |archive-date=March 30, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Appalachian Mountains|The mountains to the west]] act as a partial barrier to outbreaks of cold, continental air in winter. Arctic air is delayed long enough to be modified and further warmed as it subsides in its approach to Richmond. The open waters of the [[Chesapeake Bay]] and Atlantic Ocean contribute to the humid summers and cool winters. The coldest weather normally occurs from late December to early February, and the January daily mean temperature is {{cvt|37.9|°F|1}}, with an average of 6.0 days with highs at or below the freezing mark.<ref name="NWS Wakefield, VA (AKQ)1" /> Richmond's Downtown and areas south and east of downtown are in USDA [[Hardiness zone]]s 7b. Surrounding suburbs and areas to the north and west of Downtown are in Hardiness Zone 7a.<ref name="USDA_PlantHardiness">{{cite web |url=http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ |title=USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service |date=2012 |access-date=February 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227032333/http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ |archive-date=February 27, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Temperatures seldom fall below {{cvt|0|°F|0}}, with the most recent subzero reading on January 7, 2018, when the temperature reached {{cvt|−3|°F|0}}.<ref name="NWS Wakefield, VA (AKQ)1" /> <!--<ref name="FAQs & HOLIDAY CLIMATOLOGY RICHMOND">{{Cite web |url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/akq/climate/RIC_CLI_FAQ.pdf |title=FAQs & Holiday Climatology Richmond | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530163022/http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/akq/climate/RIC_CLI_FAQ.pdf | archive-date=May 30, 2010 |website=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref>--> The July daily mean temperature is {{cvt|79.3|°F|1}}, and high temperatures reach or exceed {{cvt|90|°F|0}} approximately 43 days a year; {{cvt|100|°F|0}} temperatures are not uncommon but do not occur every year.<ref name="hislocation">{{cite web |url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/akq/climate/RIC_CLI_FAQ.pdf |title=Richmond Station History & Location |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=May 16, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530163022/http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/akq/climate/RIC_CLI_FAQ.pdf |archive-date=May 30, 2010}}</ref> Extremes in temperature have ranged from {{cvt|−12|°F|0}} on January 19, 1940, to {{cvt|107|°F|0}} on August 6, 1918.{{efn|Annual records from the airport weather station that date back to 1948 are available on the web.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://weather-warehouse.com/WeatherHistory/PastWeatherData_RichmondIntlArpt_Richmond_VA_December.html |title=Richmond International Airport |publisher=weather-warehouse.com |access-date=May 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630140451/http://weather-warehouse.com/WeatherHistory/PastWeatherData_RichmondIntlArpt_Richmond_VA_December.html |archive-date=June 30, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}} The record cold maximum is {{cvt|11|°F|0}}, set on [[Great Blizzard of 1899#Arctic cold|February 11 and 12, 1899]]. The record warm minimum is {{cvt|81|°F|0}}, set on July 12, 2011.<ref name="NWS Wakefield, VA (AKQ)1" /> The warmest months recorded were July 2020 and August 1900, both averaging 82.9&nbsp;°F (28.3&nbsp;°C). The coldest, January 1940, averaged 24.2&nbsp;°F (-4.3&nbsp;°C).<ref name="hislocation" />

[[File:Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020) - Richmond Area, VA(ThreadEx).svg|thumb|right|Climate chart for Richmond]]

[[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] is rather uniformly distributed throughout the year. Dry periods lasting several weeks sometimes occur, especially in autumn, when long periods of pleasant, mild weather are most common. There is considerable variability in total monthly precipitation amounts from year to year, so no one month can be depended to be normal. Snow has been recorded during seven of the 12 months. Falls of {{cvt|4|in|cm}} or more within 24 hours occur once a year on average.<ref name="NWS Wakefield, VA (AKQ)1" /> Annual snowfall is usually moderate, averaging {{cvt|10.5|in|cm}} per season.<ref name="NWS Wakefield, VA (AKQ)1" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weather.gov/media/akq/climateRECORDS/RIC_Climate_Records.pdf |title=Richmond VA Daily Climate Data |publisher=United States National Weather Service |access-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403202403/https://www.weather.gov/media/akq/climateRECORDS/RIC_Climate_Records.pdf |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Snow typically remains on the ground for only one or two days, but it remained for 16 days in 2010 (January 30 to February 14). Ice storms (freezing rain or glaze) are not uncommon, but they are seldom severe enough to cause considerable damage.

The [[James River]] reaches tidewater at Richmond, where flooding may occur in any month of the year, most frequently in March and least in July. [[Hurricanes]] and [[tropical storms]] have been responsible for most flooding during the summer and early fall months. Hurricanes passing near Richmond have produced record rainfalls. In 1955, three hurricanes, including [[Hurricane Connie]] and [[Hurricane Diane]], which brought heavy rains five days apart, produced record rainfall in a six-week period. In 2004, the downtown area suffered extensive flood damage after the remnants of [[Hurricane Gaston (2004)|Hurricane Gaston]] dumped up to {{cvt|12|in|mm|sigfig=2}} of rain.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5851220 |title=Flooding devastates historic Richmond, Va. |work=[[NBC News]] |agency=Associated Press |date=September 1, 2004 |access-date=August 13, 2024}}</ref>

Damaging storms occur mainly from snow and [[freezing rain]] in winter, and from hurricanes, tornadoes, and severe thunderstorms in other seasons. Damage can come from wind, flooding, rain, or a combination of the three. [[Tornadoes]] are infrequent, but some notable ones have been observed in the Richmond area.

Downtown Richmond averages 84 days of nighttime frost annually. Nighttime frost is more common in areas north and west of Downtown and less common south and east of downtown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/min32temp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011217185325/http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/min32temp.html |archive-date=December 17, 2001 |title=Mean Number of Days With Minimum Temperature 32 Degrees F or Less |date=December 17, 2001}}</ref> From 1981 to 2010, the average first temperature at or below freezing was on October 30 and the average last one on April 10.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.almanac.com/gardening/frostdates/VA/Richmond |title=Frost Dates for Richmond, VA |first=Old Farmer's |last=Almanac |website=Old Farmer's Almanac |access-date=February 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201065415/https://www.almanac.com/gardening/frostdates/VA/Richmond |archive-date=February 1, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<section begin="weather box" />{{Weather box
| location = [[Richmond International Airport]], Virginia (1991–2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1887–present{{efn|Official records for Richmond kept January 1887 to December 1910 at downtown, Chimborazo Park from January 1911 to December 1929, and at Richmond Int'l since January 1930. For more information, see [http://threadex.rcc-acis.org Threadex]}})
| single line = Y
| collapsed = Y
| Jan record high F = 81
| Feb record high F = 83
| Mar record high F = 94
| Apr record high F = 96
| May record high F = 100
| Jun record high F = 104
| Jul record high F = 105
| Aug record high F = 107
| Sep record high F = 103
| Oct record high F = 99
| Nov record high F = 86
| Dec record high F = 81
| year record high F = 107
| Jan avg record high F = 70.1
| Feb avg record high F = 72.6
| Mar avg record high F = 80.5
| Apr avg record high F = 87.7
| May avg record high F = 91.5
| Jun avg record high F = 96.6
| Jul avg record high F = 98.6
| Aug avg record high F = 96.7
| Sep avg record high F = 92.9
| Oct avg record high F = 86.4
| Nov avg record high F = 77.1
| Dec avg record high F = 71.7
| year avg record high F = 99.6
| Jan high F = 47.8
| Feb high F = 51.6
| Mar high F = 59.6
| Apr high F = 70.4
| May high F = 77.8
| Jun high F = 85.6
| Jul high F = 89.5
| Aug high F = 87.5
| Sep high F = 81.2
| Oct high F = 70.9
| Nov high F = 60.4
| Dec high F = 51.5
| year high F = 69.5
| Jan mean F = 38.3
| Feb mean F = 41.0
| Mar mean F = 48.4
| Apr mean F = 58.4
| May mean F = 66.7
| Jun mean F = 75.0
| Jul mean F = 79.4
| Aug mean F = 77.5
| Sep mean F = 71.2
| Oct mean F = 60.0
| Nov mean F = 49.6
| Dec mean F = 41.8
| year mean F = 58.9
| Jan low F = 28.8
| Feb low F = 30.4
| Mar low F = 37.2
| Apr low F = 46.4
| May low F = 55.7
| Jun low F = 64.5
| Jul low F = 69.2
| Aug low F = 67.6
| Sep low F = 61.1
| Oct low F = 49.0
| Nov low F = 38.8
| Dec low F = 32.1
| year low F = 48.4
| Jan avg record low F = 11.1
| Feb avg record low F = 16.0
| Mar avg record low F = 21.6
| Apr avg record low F = 31.9
| May avg record low F = 42.1
| Jun avg record low F = 53.4
| Jul avg record low F = 60.9
| Aug avg record low F = 59.3
| Sep avg record low F = 48.8
| Oct avg record low F = 34.4
| Nov avg record low F = 24.3
| Dec avg record low F = 18.2
| year avg record low F = 9.1
| Jan record low F = −12
| Feb record low F = −10
| Mar record low F = 10
| Apr record low F = 19
| May record low F = 31
| Jun record low F = 40
| Jul record low F = 51
| Aug record low F = 46
| Sep record low F = 35
| Oct record low F = 21
| Nov record low F = 10
| Dec record low F = −2
| year record low F = -12
| precipitation color = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 3.23
| Feb precipitation inch = 2.61
| Mar precipitation inch = 4.00
| Apr precipitation inch = 3.18
| May precipitation inch = 4.00
| Jun precipitation inch = 4.64
| Jul precipitation inch = 4.37
| Aug precipitation inch = 4.90
| Sep precipitation inch = 4.61
| Oct precipitation inch = 3.39
| Nov precipitation inch = 3.06
| Dec precipitation inch = 3.51
| year precipitation inch = 45.50
| Jan snow inch = 3.7
| Feb snow inch = 2.2
| Mar snow inch = 1.1
| Apr snow inch = 0.0
| May snow inch = 0.0
| Jun snow inch = 0.0
| Jul snow inch = 0.0
| Aug snow inch = 0.0
| Sep snow inch = 0.0
| Oct snow inch = 0.0
| Nov snow inch = 0.0
| Dec snow inch = 1.8
| year snow inch = 8.8
| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
| Jan precipitation days = 10.0
| Feb precipitation days = 9.0
| Mar precipitation days = 10.8
| Apr precipitation days = 10.5
| May precipitation days = 11.1
| Jun precipitation days = 10.6
| Jul precipitation days = 11.4
| Aug precipitation days = 9.4
| Sep precipitation days = 9.3
| Oct precipitation days = 8.1
| Nov precipitation days = 8.4
| Dec precipitation days = 10.0
| year precipitation days = 118.6
| unit snow days = 0.1 in
| Jan snow days = 1.9
| Feb snow days = 1.7
| Mar snow days = 1.0
| Apr snow days = 0.6
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.0
| Nov snow days = 0.1
| Dec snow days = 0.9
| year snow days = 5.6
| Jan humidity = 67.9
| Feb humidity = 65.6
| Mar humidity = 63.0
| Apr humidity = 60.8
| May humidity = 69.5
| Jun humidity = 72.2
| Jul humidity = 74.8
| Aug humidity = 77.2
| Sep humidity = 77.0
| Oct humidity = 73.8
| Nov humidity = 69.1
| Dec humidity = 68.9
| year humidity = 70.0
| Jan sun = 172.5
| Feb sun = 179.7
| Mar sun = 233.3
| Apr sun = 261.6
| May sun = 288.0
| Jun sun = 306.4
| Jul sun = 301.4
| Aug sun = 278.9
| Sep sun = 237.9
| Oct sun = 222.8
| Nov sun = 183.5
| Dec sun = 163.0
| Jan percentsun = 56
| Feb percentsun = 59
| Mar percentsun = 63
| Apr percentsun = 66
| May percentsun = 65
| Jun percentsun = 69
| Jul percentsun = 67
| Aug percentsun = 66
| Sep percentsun = 64
| Oct percentsun = 64
| Nov percentsun = 60
| Dec percentsun = 55
| year percentsun = 64
| Jan dew point C = -4.0
| Feb dew point C = −3.1
| Mar dew point C = 0.9
| Apr dew point C = 5.3
| May dew point C = 12.3
| Jun dew point C = 17.2
| Jul dew point C = 19.8
| Aug dew point C = 19.6
| Sep dew point C = 15.9
| Oct dew point C = 9.1
| Nov dew point C = 3.4
| Dec dew point C = −1.4
| Jan uv = 2
| Feb uv = 3
| Mar uv = 5
| Apr uv = 7
| May uv = 8
| Jun uv = 9
| Jul uv = 9
| Aug uv = 9
| Sep uv = 7
| Oct uv = 5
| Nov uv = 3
| Dec uv = 2
| source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (relative humidity and sunshine hours 1961–1990)<ref name="NWS Wakefield, VA (AKQ)1">{{cite web 
|url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=akq 
|title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data 
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] 
|access-date = May 4, 2021 |df = mdy-all 
|archive-date = September 5, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905143500/http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=akq 
|url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="NCDC TXT KRIC">{{cite web 
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210505002327/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00013740&format=pdf 
|archive-date = May 5, 2021 |url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00013740&format=pdf 
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
|title = Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020 
|access-date = May 4, 2021 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="WMO 1961–90 KRIC">{{cite web 
|url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72401.TXT 
|title = WMO Climate Normals for Richmond/Byrd, VA 1961–1990 
|access-date = July 29, 2020 
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240216015028/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72401.TXT
|archive-date = February 16, 2024}}</ref>
| source 2 = Weather Atlas<ref>{{cite web 
|url = https://www.weather-us.com/en/virginia-usa/richmond-climate 
|title = Richmond, VA - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast 
|publisher = Yu Media Group 
|website = Weather Atlas 
|language = en 
|access-date = June 29, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190629162344/https://www.weather-us.com/en/virginia-usa/richmond-climate 
|archive-date = June 29, 2019 |url-status = dead}}</ref>
}}<section end="weather box" />

{{Graph:Weather monthly history
| table=Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Richmond, Virginia.tab
| title=Richmond monthly weather statistics
}}