Editing Rhenium (section)

==Production==
[[Image:Ammonium perrhenate.jpg|thumb|right|Ammonium perrhenate]]
Approximately 80% of rhenium is extracted from [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] molybdenum deposits.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Chapter 7: By-Products of Porphyry Copper and Molybdenum Deposits|first1=D. A.|last1=John|first2=R. D.|last2=Taylor|title=Rare earth and critical elements in ore deposits|year=2016|volume=18|pages=137–164|publisher=Society of Economic Geologists |doi=10.5382/Rev.18.07 |isbn=978-1-62949-218-6 |url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70048652|editor=Philip L. Verplanck and Murray W. Hitzman}}</ref> Some ores contain 0.001% to 0.2% rhenium.<ref name="G&W" /> Roasting the ore volatilizes rhenium oxides.<ref name="Rousch">{{cite journal|doi = 10.1021/cr60291a002|title = Recent advances in the chemistry of rhenium|date = 1974|author = Rouschias, George|journal = Chemical Reviews|volume = 74|page = 531|issue = 5}}</ref> [[Rhenium(VII) oxide]] and [[perrhenic acid]] readily dissolve in water; they are leached from flue dusts and gasses and extracted by precipitating with [[potassium chloride|potassium]] or [[ammonium chloride]] as the [[perrhenate]] salts, and purified by [[Recrystallization (chemistry)|recrystallization]].<ref name="G&W" /> Total world production is between 40 and 50 tons/year; the main producers are in Chile, the United States, Peru, and Poland.<ref name="USGS_2012_summary">{{cite web|title=Rhenium|work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|date=January 2012|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rhenium/mcs-2012-rheni.pdf|first=Michael J.|last=Magyar|access-date=2013-09-04}}</ref> Recycling of used Pt-Re catalyst and special alloys allow the recovery of another 10 tons per year. Prices for the metal rose rapidly in early 2008, from $1000–$2000 per [[kilogram|kg]] in 2003–2006 to over $10,000 in February 2008.<ref name="minormetals">{{cite web|title=MinorMetal prices|publisher=minormetals.com|url=http://www.minormetals.com/|access-date=2008-02-17|archive-date=2008-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515180506/http://www.minormetals.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idINL1037587920080710|first=Jan|last=Harvey|title=Analysis: Super hot metal rhenium may reach "platinum prices"|date=2008-07-10|access-date=2008-10-26|publisher=Reuters India|archive-date=2009-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111183605/http://in.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idINL1037587920080710|url-status=dead}}</ref> The metal form is prepared by reducing [[ammonium perrhenate]] with [[hydrogen]] at high temperatures:<ref name="Brauer" />

:2 NH<sub>4</sub>ReO<sub>4</sub> + 7 H<sub>2</sub> → 2 Re + 8 H<sub>2</sub>O + 2 NH<sub>3</sub>

There are technologies for the associated extraction of rhenium from productive solutions of underground leaching of uranium ores.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rudenko |first1=A.A. |last2=Troshkina |first2=I.D. |last3=Danileyko |first3=V.V. |last4=Barabanov |first4=O.S. |last5=Vatsura |first5=F.Y. |title=Prospects for selective-and-advanced recovery of rhenium from pregnant solutions of in-situ leaching of uranium ores at Dobrovolnoye deposit |url=https://mst.misis.ru/jour/article/view/287 |journal=Gornye Nauki I Tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia) |year=2021 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=158–169|doi=10.17073/2500-0632-2021-3-158-169 |s2cid=241476783 }}</ref>