Editing Reformation (section)

===Dissidents===

{{Main|Proto-Protestantism}}

{{see also|List of Christian heresies|Wycliffe's Bible|Compactata}}

[[File:Burning of Jan Hus during the Council of Constance in 1415 (depicted in the Chronik des Konstanzer Konzils; Prague manuscript).png|thumb|right|alt=A man wearing a hat depicting two demonic figures is being burned. He is surrounded by armed people.|Burning of [[Jan Hus]] at [[Bishopric of Constance|Constance]] (from the ''Chronicle of the Council of Constance'' by [[Ulrich of Richenthal]])]]

After [[Arianism]]—a [[Christology|Christological doctrine]] condemned as [[Heresy in Christianity|heresy]] at ecumenical councils—disappeared in the late {{nowrap|7th century}}, no major disputes menaced the theological unity of the Western Church. Religious enthusiasts could organise their followers into nonconformist groups but they disbanded after their founder died.{{refn|group=note|One of the enthusiasts, [[Henry of Lausanne]] (d. {{circa}} 1148) persuaded French prostitutes to repent their sins, but opposed confessions, and attacked the wealth of the clergy. Although his calls for a church reform attracted many commoners, his movement quickly disintegrated when he died.{{sfn|Hamilton|2003|p=130}}}} The [[Waldensians]] were a notable exception. Due to their efficient organisation, they survived not only the death of their founder [[Peter Waldo]] (d. {{circa}} 1205), but also a series of [[Albigensian Crusades|anti-heretic crusades]]. They rejected the clerics' monopoly of public ministry, and allowed all trained members of their community, men and women alike, to preach.{{sfn|Hamilton|2003|pp=3, 129–135}}

The [[Western Schism]] reinforced a general desire for church reform. The [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] theologian [[John Wycliffe]] (d. 1384) was one of the most radical critics.{{sfn|Marshall|2009|p=4}} He attacked pilgrimages, the veneration of saints, and the doctrine of transubstantiation.{{sfn|Hamilton|2003|pp=135–136}} He regarded the Church as an exclusive community of those chosen by God to salvation,{{sfn|Cameron|2012|p=81}} and argued that the state could seize the corrupt clerics' endowments.{{sfn|Lindberg|2021|p=43}} Known as [[Lollards]], Wycliffe's followers rejected images, clerical celibacy and the [[Twelve_Conclusions_of_the_Lollards#Tenth_conclusion:_war,_battle,_and_crusades|purchase of indulgences]] by crusading lords. The [[Parliament of England]] passed a [[De heretico comburendo|law against heretics]], but Lollard communities survived the purges.{{sfn|Cameron|2012|p=81}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2003|p=136}}

Wycliffe's theology had a marked impact on the [[Charles University|Prague]] academic [[Jan Hus]] (d. 1415). He delivered popular sermons against the clerics' wealth and temporal powers, for which he was summoned to the Council of Constance. Although the German king [[Sigismund of Luxemburg]] ({{reign|1410|1437}}) had granted him safe conduct, Hus was sentenced to death for heresy and [[death by burning|burned at the stake]] on 6 July 1415. His execution led to a [[Bohemian Reformation|nationwide religious movement]] in [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Bohemia]], and the papacy called for a [[Hussite Wars|series of crusades]] against Hus's followers. The moderate [[Hussitism|Hussites]], mainly [[Czech nobility|Czech aristocrats]] and academics, were known as [[Utraquism|Utraquists]] for they taught that the Eucharist was to be administered {{lang|la|sub utraque specie}} ('in both kinds') to the laity. The most radical Hussites, called [[Taborites]] after their new town of [[Tábor]], held their property in common. Their [[millenarianism]] shocked the Utraquists who destroyed them in the [[Battle of Lipany]] in 1434.{{sfn|Wickham|2016|pp=246–247}}{{sfn|Cameron|2012|pp=76–77}} By this time, the remaining Catholic communities in Bohemia were almost exclusively German-speaking. The lack of a Hussite church hierarchy enabled the Czech aristocrats and urban magistrates to assume control of the Hussite clergy from the 1470s. The radical Hussites set up their own Church known as the [[History of the Moravian Church#15th century|Union of Bohemian Brethren]]. They rejected the separation of clergy and laity, and condemned all forms of violence and oath taking.{{sfn|MacCulloch|2003|pp=36–37}}

Marshall writes that the Lollards, Hussites and conciliarist theologians "collectively give the lie to any suggestion that torpor and complacency were the hallmarks of religious life in the century before Martin Luther."{{sfn|Marshall|2009|p=4}} Historians customarily refer to Wycliffe and Hus as "Forerunners of the Reformation". The two reformers' emphasis on the Bible is often regarded as an early example of one of the basic principles of the Reformation—the idea {{lang|la|[[sola scriptura]]}} ('by the [[Scriptures]] alone'), although prominent scholastic theologians were also convinced that Scripture, interpreted reasonably and in accord with the Church and the [[Church Fathers]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Minges |first1=Parthenius |title=John Duns Scotus |url=https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/john-duns-scotus |website=Catholic Encyclopedia |publisher=Catholic Answers}}</ref> contained all knowledge necessary for salvation.{{refn|group=note|For instance, [[Duns Scotus]] (d. 1308) stated that "theology does not concern anything except what is contained in Scripture, and what may be drawn from this," though this does not equate theology and Bibe study.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bychkov |first1=Oleg |title=The Nature of Theology in Duns Scotus and his Franciscan Predecessors |journal=Franciscan Studies |date=2008 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=5–62 |doi=10.1353/frc.0.0007 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/257394 |issn=1945-9718}}</ref> Theologians associated with the [[Augustinians|Augustinian Order]] such as Gregory of Rimini rarely cited other sources of faith.{{sfn|McGrath|2004|pp=138, 144–145}}}}{{sfn|McGrath|2004|pp=137–138}}