Editing Reforestation (section)

=== Competition with other land uses and displacement risk ===
Reforestation can compete with other land uses, such as food production, livestock grazing, and living space, for further economic growth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Pete |last2=Gregory |first2=Peter J. |last3=van Vuuren |first3=Detlef |last4=Obersteiner |first4=Michael |last5=Havlík |first5=Petr |last6=Rounsevell |first6=Mark |last7=Woods |first7=Jeremy |last8=Stehfest |first8=Elke |last9=Bellarby |first9=Jessica |date=2010-09-27 |title=Competition for land |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=365 |issue=1554 |pages=2941–2957 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0127 |pmc=2935113 |pmid=20713395}}</ref><ref name="Cunningham 301–317">{{Cite journal |last1=Cunningham |first1=S. C. |last2=Mac Nally |first2=R. |last3=Baker |first3=P. J. |last4=Cavagnaro |first4=T. R. |last5=Beringer |first5=J. |last6=Thomson |first6=J. R. |last7=Thompson |first7=R. M. |date=2015-07-01 |title=Balancing the environmental benefits of reforestation in agricultural regions |journal=Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=301–317 |doi=10.1016/j.ppees.2015.06.001 |issn=1433-8319|doi-access=free |bibcode=2015PPEES..17..301C |hdl=2440/95479 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Reforestation can also divert large amounts of water from other activities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Belluscio |first=Ana |date=2009-11-07 |title=Planting trees can shift water flow |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/news.2009.1057 |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/news.2009.1057 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> A map created by the [[World Resources Institute]] in collaboration with the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] identifies 2 billion hectares for potential forest restoration and is criticized for including 900 million hectares of grasslands.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bond|first1=William J.|last2=Stevens|first2=Nicola|last3=Midgley|first3=Guy F.|last4=Lehmann|first4=Caroline E.R.|date=November 2019|title=The Trouble with Trees: Afforestation Plans for Africa|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534719302526|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|language=en|volume=34|issue=11|pages=963–965|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.003|pmid=31515117|bibcode=2019TEcoE..34..963B |hdl=20.500.11820/ad569ac5-dc12-4420-9517-d8f310ede95e|s2cid=202568025|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dasgupta|first=Shreya|date=2021-06-01|title=Many Tree-Planting Campaigns Are Based on Flawed Science|url=https://science.thewire.in/environment/many-tree-planting-campaigns-are-based-on-flawed-science/|access-date=2021-06-12|website=The Wire Science|language=en-GB}}</ref> An assessment of the pledges of governments for reforestation found that the sum of global pledges translates to a required land area of 1.2bn hectares, until 2060, which is equal to a tenth of the global land area und thus deemed unrealistic without a significant encroachment on non-forest areas.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Financial Times |date=2023-09-21 |title=The illusion of saving the planet with a trillion trees |url=https://ig.ft.com/one-trillion-trees/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=subs.ft.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> Experts are calling for a better integration of social data, such as the dependence of livelihoods on specific land uses, into restoration efforts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schultz |first1=Bill |last2=Brockington |first2=Dan |last3=Coleman |first3=Eric A |last4=Djenontin |first4=Ida |last5=Fischer |first5=Harry W |last6=Fleischman |first6=Forrest |last7=Kashwan |first7=Prakash |last8=Marquardt |first8=Kristina |last9=Pfeifer |first9=Marion |last10=Pritchard |first10=Rose |last11=Ramprasad |first11=Vijay |date=2022-11-01 |title=Recognizing the equity implications of restoration priority maps |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=114019 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac9918 |bibcode=2022ERL....17k4019S |s2cid=253157136 |issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free }}</ref> Possible solutions include the integration of other land uses into forests through [[agroforestry]], such as growing coffee plants under trees, reducing the delineation between forests and other land uses.<ref name=":5" />

A study found that almost 300 million people live on tropical forest restoration opportunity land in the [[Global South]], constituting a large share of low-income countries' populations, and argues for prioritized inclusion of "local communities" in forest restoration projects.<ref>{{cite news |title=Global forest restoration and the importance of empowering local communities |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-global-forest-importance-empowering-local.html |access-date=5 September 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 August 2020 |title=300 million world over can have their forests restored: study |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/300-million-world-over-can-have-their-forests-restored-study/article32440958.ece |access-date=5 September 2020 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Erbaugh |first1=J. T. |last2=Pradhan |first2=N. |last3=Adams |first3=J. |last4=Oldekop |first4=J. A. |last5=Agrawal |first5=A. |last6=Brockington |first6=D. |last7=Pritchard |first7=R. |last8=Chhatre |first8=A. |date=24 August 2020 |title=Global forest restoration and the importance of prioritizing local communities |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-01282-2 |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |language=en |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=1472–1476 |bibcode=2020NatEE...4.1472E |doi=10.1038/s41559-020-01282-2 |issn=2397-334X |pmid=32839542 |s2cid=221285189 |access-date=5 September 2020}}</ref>

There are calls for a more selective approach to identifying reforestation areas, taking into account the possible displacement of customary land uses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Malkamäki |first1=Arttu |last2=D’Amato |first2=Dalia |last3=Hogarth |first3=Nicholas J. |last4=Kanninen |first4=Markku |last5=Pirard |first5=Romain |last6=Toppinen |first6=Anne |last7=Zhou |first7=Wen |date=July 2019 |title=Corrigendum of "A systematic review of the socio-economic impacts of large-scale tree plantations, worldwide" [Glob. Environ. Change 53 (2018) 90–103] |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101931 |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=57 |pages=101931 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101931 |bibcode=2019GEC....5701931M |issn=0959-3780 |s2cid=197773639}}</ref>