Editing Recreational drug use (section)

==Common recreational drugs==
The following substances are commonly used recreationally:<ref>{{cite web|title=Commonly Used Drugs Charts
|date=20 August 2020
|publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse
|url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/commonly-used-drugs-charts|access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref>
* [[Alcohol (drug)|Alcohol]]: Most drinking alcohol is [[ethanol]], {{chem|C|H|3|C|H|2|O|H}}. Drinking alcohol creates [[Alcohol intoxication|intoxication]], relaxation and lowered inhibitions. It is produced by the [[fermentation]] of [[sugar]]s by [[yeast]]s to create [[wine]], [[beer]], and [[distilled liquor]] (e.g., [[vodka]], [[rum]], [[gin]], etc.). In most areas of the world, it is legal for those over a certain age (18 in most countries). It is an [[International Agency for Research on Cancer|IARC]] [[List of IARC Group 1 carcinogens|Group 1 carcinogen]] and a [[teratogen]].<ref>{{cite book | author = The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | publisher = World Health Organization (WHO) | chapter-url = http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsGroupOrder.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180328180015/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsGroupOrder.pdf | archive-date = 28 March 2018 | chapter = Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs | volume = 1–120 | title = IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans }}</ref> Alcohol withdrawal can be life-threatening.<ref name="pmid15706735">{{cite journal | vauthors = Trevisan LA, Boutros N, Petrakis IL, Krystal JH | title = Complications of alcohol withdrawal: pathophysiological insights | journal = Alcohol Health and Research World | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 61–6 | date = 1998 | pmid = 15706735 | pmc = 6761825 | doi =  | url = https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh22-1/61-66.pdf | access-date = 12 January 2019 | archive-date = 23 June 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164816/https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh22-1/61-66.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* [[Amphetamine]]s: Used recreationally to provide alertness and a sense of energy. Prescribed for [[ADHD]], narcolepsy, depression, and weight loss. A potent [[central nervous system]] [[stimulant]], in the 1940s and 50s [[methamphetamine]] was used by Axis and Allied troops in [[World War II]], and, later on, other armies, and by Japanese factory workers. It increases muscle strength and fatigue resistance and improves reaction time.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| vauthors = Jenkins JP |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/378259/methamphetamine |title= Methamphetamine (drug) | encyclopedia = Britannica Online Encyclopedia |access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref> Methamphetamine use can be [[neurotoxic]], which means it damages [[dopamine]] neurons.<ref name="Cruickshank-2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cruickshank CC, Dyer KR | title = A review of the clinical pharmacology of methamphetamine | journal = Addiction | volume = 104 | issue = 7 | pages = 1085–99 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19426289 | doi = 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02564.x | s2cid = 37079117 | doi-access = free }}</ref> As a result of this brain damage, chronic use can lead to [[post acute withdrawal syndrome]].<ref name = "Malenka">{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2009 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-07-148127-4 | page = 370 | edition = 2nd | chapter = 15 | quote = Unlike cocaine and amphetamine, methamphetamine is directly toxic to midbrain dopamine neurons.}}</ref>
* [[Caffeine]]: Often found in [[coffee]], [[black tea]], [[energy drink]]s, some [[soft drink]]s (e.g., [[Coca-Cola]], [[Pepsi]], and [[Mountain Dew]], among others), and [[chocolate]]. It is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug, but has only mild dependence liability for long-term users.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Molecular neuropharmacology : a foundation for clinical neuroscience| vauthors = Nestler EJ |date=2009|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|others=Hyman, Steven E., Malenka, Robert C.|isbn=9780071641197|edition= 2nd|location=New York|pages=375|oclc=273018757}}</ref>
* [[Cannabis (drug)|Cannabis]]: Its common forms include [[marijuana]] and [[hashish]], which are smoked, vaporized or eaten. It contains at least 85 [[cannabinoid]]s. The primary [[psychoactive]] component is [[THC]], which mimics the neurotransmitter [[anandamide]], named after the [[Hindu]] ''ananda'', "joy, bliss, delight". When cannabis is eaten, THC metabolized into [[11-OH-THC]], this molecule is the primary psychoactive compound of edible forms of cannabis. [[THC]] and [[11-OH-THC]] are [[partial agonist]] at [[Cannabinoid receptor 1|CB1]] and [[Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB2]] receptors of the [[endocannabinoid system]]. 
* [[Cocaine]]: It is available as a white powder, which is insufflated ("sniffed" into the nostrils) or converted into a solution with water and [[Drug injection|injected]].<ref name="Wang-Maher 2019"/> A popular derivative, [[crack cocaine]] is typically smoked. When transformed into its freebase form, [[crack cocaine|crack]], the cocaine vapour may be inhaled directly. This is thought to increase [[bioavailability]], but has also been found to be toxic, due to the production of [[methylecgonidine]] during [[pyrolysis]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Scheidweiler KB, Plessinger MA, Shojaie J, Wood RW, Kwong TC | title = Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methylecgonidine, a crack cocaine pyrolyzate. | journal = Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | date = December 2003 | volume = 307 | issue = 3 | pages = 1179–87 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.103.055434 | pmid = 14561847 | s2cid = 15619796 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11159694">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yang Y, Ke Q, Cai J, Xiao YF, Morgan JP | title = Evidence for cocaine and methylecgonidine stimulation of M(2) muscarinic receptors in cultured human embryonic lung cells | journal = British Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 132 | issue = 2 | pages = 451–60 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11159694 | pmc = 1572570 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703819 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fandiño AS, Toennes SW, Kauert GF | title = Studies on hydrolytic and oxidative metabolic pathways of anhydroecgonine methyl ester (methylecgonidine) using microsomal preparations from rat organs | journal = Chemical Research in Toxicology | volume = 15 | issue = 12 | pages = 1543–8 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12482236 | doi = 10.1021/tx0255828 }}</ref>
* [[MDMA]]: Commonly known as ecstasy, it is a common [[club drug]] in the [[rave]] scene.
* [[Ketamine]]: An anesthetic used legally by paramedics and doctors in emergency situations for its [[dissociative]] and [[analgesic]] qualities and illegally in the [[club drug]] scene.
* [[Purple drank|Lean]]: A liquid drug mixture made when mixing cough syrup, sweets, [[soft drinks]] and [[codeine]]. It originated in the 1990s in [[Houston]]. Ever since then, this drug usage has grown and is often used at parties and in the trap music scene. Many people would get a drowsy feeling when consuming this drug.
* [[LSD]]: A popular [[ergoline]] derivative, that was first [[Organic synthesis|synthesized]] in 1938 by [[Albert Hofmann]]. However, he failed to notice its psychedelic effects until 1943.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psychedelic-library.org/child1.htm|vauthors=Hofmann A|title=LSD My Problem Child|access-date=19 April 2010|archive-date=11 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111071233/http://www.psychedelic-library.org/child1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It's a [[Serotonin|serotonergic]] [[psychedelic]] ([[partial agonist]] at [[serotonin]] receptors, particularly the [[5-HT2A]] subtypes) like [[psilocin]], [[mescaline]] and [[DMT]]. But LSD is unique because it is also a partial agonist of [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]] receptors, particularly the [[Dopamine receptor D2|D2R]] subtypes. LSD (d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) is a molecule of the [[lysergamide]] family, a subclass of the [[tryptamine]] family. In the 1950s, it was used in psychological therapy, and, covertly, by the [[CIA]] in Project [[MKULTRA]], in which the drug was administered to unwitting US and Canadian citizens. It played a central role in 1960s 'counter-culture', and was banned in October 1968 by US President [[Lyndon B Johnson]].<ref>{{cite book | title = The Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs | vauthors = Brecher EM | collaboration = The Editors of Consumer Reports Magazine | date = 1972 | chapter = Chapter 50. How LSD was popularized, 1962-1969 |url = http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/Library/studies/cu/CU50.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/law/law_fed_staggers-dodd.pdf| author=United States Congress | title=Staggers-Dodd Bill, Public Law 90-639 | date=24 October 1968 | access-date=8 September 2009}}</ref>
* [[Nitrous oxide]]: legally used by dentists as an anxiolytic and anaesthetic, it is also used recreationally by users who obtain it from whipped cream canisters (whippets or whip-its) (see [[inhalant]]), as it causes perceptual effects, a "high" and at higher doses, hallucinations.
* [[Opiates]] and [[opioids]]: Available by prescription for pain relief. Commonly used opioids include [[oxycodone]], [[hydrocodone]], [[codeine]], [[fentanyl]], [[heroin]], [[methadone]], and [[morphine]]. Opioids have a high potential for [[addiction]] and have the ability to induce severe physical [[Drug withdrawal|withdrawal]] symptoms upon cessation of frequent use. Heroin can be smoked, insufflated, or turned into a solution with water and injected.<ref name="Wang-Maher 2019"/> [[Oxycodone/paracetamol|Percocet]] is a prescription opioid containing oxycodone and [[Paracetamol|acetaminophen]]. 
* [[Psilocybin mushroom]]s: This hallucinogenic drug was an important drug in the [[psychedelic drug|psychedelic]] scene. Until 1963, when it was chemically analysed by [[Albert Hofmann]], it was completely unknown to modern science that ''[[Psilocybe semilanceata]]'' ("Liberty Cap", common throughout Europe) contains [[psilocybin]], a hallucinogen previously identified only in species native to Mexico, Asia, and North America.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hofmann A, Heim R, Tscherter H  |title="Phytochimie – présence de la psilocybine dans une espèce européenne d'agaric, le Psilocybe semilanceata Fr." | trans-title = Phytochemistry – presence of psilocybin in a European agaric species, Psilocybe semilanceata | language = French | journal = Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences | volume = 257 | issue = 1 |pages=10–12 |year=1963 }}</ref>
* [[Tobacco]]: ''[[Nicotiana tabacum]]''. Nicotine is the key drug contained in tobacco leaves, which are either smoked, chewed or [[snuff (tobacco)|snuff]]ed. It contains nicotine, which crosses the [[blood–brain barrier]] in 10–20 seconds. It mimics the action of the [[neurotransmitter]] [[acetylcholine]] at [[nicotinic acetylcholine receptors]] in the brain and the [[neuromuscular junction]]. The [[neuron]]al forms of the receptor are present both post-[[synapse|synaptically]] (involved in classical [[neurotransmission]]) and pre-synaptically, where they can influence the release of multiple neurotransmitters.<ref name="pmid9023878">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wonnacott S | title = Presynaptic nicotinic ACh receptors | journal = Trends in Neurosciences | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 92–8 | date = February 1997 | pmid = 9023878 | doi = 10.1016/S0166-2236(96)10073-4 | s2cid = 42215860 }}</ref>
* [[Tranquilizers]]: [[barbiturates]], [[benzodiazepines]] (e.g. alprazolam, diazepam, etc.)(commonly prescribed for [[anxiety disorder]]s; known to cause [[dementia]] and post acute withdrawal syndrome)
* "[[Bath salts (drug)|Bath salts]]": slang term that generally refers to [[substituted cathinone]]s such as [[Mephedrone]] and [[Methylenedioxypyrovalerone]] (MDPV), but not always
* [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] – primary ingredient in [[ayahuasca]], can also be smoked (inhalation causes a brief effect lasting usually 5 to 15 minutes).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Power|first=Mike|date=2020-06-05|title=I Sell DMT Vape Pens So People Can 'Break Through' at Their Own Speed|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/i-sell-dmt-vape-pens-so-people-can-break-through-at-their-own-speed/|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Vice.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Erowid DMT (Dimethyltryptamine) Vault|url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dmt/dmt.shtml|access-date=2022-01-04|website=www.erowid.org}}</ref>
* [[Peyote]]: This hallucinogen contains [[mescaline]], native to southwestern [[Texas]] and [[Mexico]]. [[Echinopsis pachanoi]] is a faster growing cactus containing mescaline.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin Bury |first=Mchem |date=2021-08-02 |title=Could Synthetic Mescaline Protect Declining Peyote Populations? |url=https://chacruna.net/synthetic_mescaline_protect_declining_peyote_populations/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Chacruna |language=en-US}}</ref> It is one of the few narcotics legally available in the United States for religious purposes by the [[Native American Church]].
* [[Salvia divinorum]]: This hallucinogenic [[Yucatán Peninsula|Mexican]] herb in the [[Lamiaceae|mint]] family; not considered recreational, most likely due to the nature of the hallucinations (legal in some jurisdictions)
* [[Synthetic cannabis]]: "Spice", "K2", [[JWH-018]], [[AM-2201]]
* [[Quaaludes]]: A popular club drug in the 1970s. No longer prescribed or manufactured in many countries but remains popular in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Smith L |date= 22 May 2018 |title=The drug plague destroying families across South Africa|url=https://zululandobserver.co.za/171501/drug-plague-destroying-families-across-south-africa/ |access-date = 14 July 2020 |website=Zululand Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Quaaludes (methaqualone) Uses, Effects & History of Abuse|url=https://www.drugs.com/illicit/quaaludes.html|access-date=2020-07-14|website=Drugs.com|language=en}}</ref>