Editing Rack railway (section)

=== <span class="anchor" id="Morgan"></span> Morgan (1900)===
[[File:MorganRack.jpg|thumb|The non-powered variant of the Morgan rack, from the 1919 Goodman catalog]]

In 1900, E. C. Morgan of [[Chicago]] received a patent on a rack railway system that was mechanically similar to the Riggenbach rack, but where the rack was also used as a [[third rail]] to power the electric locomotive.<ref name=Morgan1900>Edmund C. Morgan, Electric-Railway System [https://patents.google.com/patent/US659178A/en U. S. Patent 659,178], October 2, 1900.</ref>  Morgan went on to develop heavier locomotives<ref>Edmund C. Morgan, Electric-Railway System [https://patents.google.com/patent/US772730A/en U. S. Patent 772,730], October 18, 1904.</ref> and with J. H. Morgan, [[Turnout (rail)|turnouts]] for this system.<ref name=Morgan1904a>Edmund C. Morgan and John H. Morgan, Switching System for Combined Third and Traction Rails for Electric Railways, [https://patents.google.com/patent/US772732A/en U. S. Patent 772,732], October 18, 1904.</ref>  In 1904, he patented a simplified but compatible rack, where the teeth on the engine pinions engaged square holes punched in a bar-shaped center rail.<ref>Edmund C. Morgan, Combined Third and Traction Rail for Electric Railways, [https://patents.google.com/patent/US753803A/en U. S. Patent 753,803], March 1, 1904.</ref>  J. H. Morgan patented several alternative turnout designs for use with this rack system.<ref>John H. Morgan, Switching or Crossover Device for Traction Rack Rail Systems, [https://patents.google.com/patent/US772736A/en U.S. Patent 772,736], October 18, 1904.</ref><ref name=Morgan1904b>John H. Morgan, Throw Rail for Combined Third and Traction Rail Switching, [https://patents.google.com/patent/US772735A/en U.S. Patent 772,735], October 18, 1904.</ref>  Curiously, Morgan recommended an off-center rack in order to allow clear passage for pedestrians and animals walking along the tracks.<ref name=Morgan1900 />  Some photos of early Morgan installations show this.<ref name=Electrical1907>Electric Locomotives, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-urNAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA181 The Electrical Magazine], Vol. VII, No. 3 (March 30, 1907); p. 179.</ref>  A simplified rack mounting system could be used when the Morgan rack was not used for third-rail power<ref>Edmund C. Morgan, Cog wheel railway, [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1203034A/en U.S. Patent 1,203,034], October 31, 1916.</ref> and the Morgan rack offered interesting possibilities for street railways.<ref>Edmund C. Morgan, Traction Rack for Railways, [https://patents.google.com/patent/US772731A/en U. S. Patent 772,731], October 18, 1904.</ref>  The Morgan rack was good for grades of up to 16 [[Percent sign|percent]].<ref>Conveying Machinery – Motor Haulage, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NxUHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1145 Mechanical Engineer's Handbook], McGraw Hill, 1916; p. 1145.</ref>

The Goodman Equipment Company began marketing the Morgan system for [[mine railway]]s, and it saw widespread use, particularly where steep [[Grade (slope)|grades]] were encountered underground.<ref>J. J. Rutledge, Recent Improvements in Coal Mining in Illinois, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hOUZAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA186 Mining Magazine] Vol. XIII, No. 3 (March 1906); p.  186.</ref><ref>Frank C. Perkins, Development of Electric Mine Locomotive, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iisAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3 The Mining World], Vol XXIX, No. 1 (July 4, 1908); p. 3.</ref><ref>Goodman Rack Rail Haulage, [https://archive.org/details/goodmanminingha01compgoog/page/n205 <!-- pg=198 --> Goodman Mining Handbook], Goodman Mfg. Co., 1919.</ref>  By 1907, Goodman had offices in [[Cardiff, Wales]], to serve the British market.<ref name=Electrical1907 />  Between 1903 and 1909, the McKell Coal and Coke company in Raleigh County, West Virginia, installed {{convert|35000|ft|m|sigfig=3}} of Morgan rack/third-rail track in its mines.<ref>H. H. Stock, New River Coal Field, W. VA., [https://books.google.com/books?id=vJPmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA513 Mines and Minerals], Vol. XXIX, No. 11 (June 1909); p. 513.</ref>  Between 1905 and 1906, the Mammoth Vein Coal Company installed {{convert|8200|ft|m|sigfig=3}} of powered rack in two of its mines in [[Marysville, Iowa#Everist|Everist, Iowa]], with a maximum grade of 16%.<ref>E. C. DeWolfe, Operations of Mammoth Vein Coal Co., Bussey, Iowa., [https://books.google.com/books?id=BPBZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA80 The Black Diamond], Vol. 37, No. 5 (August 4, 1906), p. 28.  Note, the article systematically misspells Everist as Everts, a spelling contradicted by all other sources.</ref>  The Donohoe Coke Co. of [[Greenwald, Pennsylvania]] had {{convert|10000|ft|m|sigfig=3}} of Goodman rack in its mine in 1906.<ref>Plant of the Donohoe Coke Co., Greenwald, Pa., [https://books.google.com/books?id=BPBZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP38 The Black Diamond], Vol. 37, No. 1 (July 7, 1906), p. 28.</ref>  The Morgan system saw limited use on one [[common carrier]] railroad in the United States, the [[Chicago Tunnel Company]], a [[Narrow-gauge railway|narrow-gauge]] freight carrier that had one steep grade in the line up to their surface disposal station on the [[Chicago]] lakefront.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VJvmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA513 "Third- or Rack-Rail Haulage"], ''Mining and Minerals'', May 1904; p. 513.</ref>